WYLIE GAS UNIT

Name: WYLIE GAS UNIT lease production and value, Jan 1993 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by AMPLIFY ENERGY OPERATING LLC (P-5 20467) in the OAK HILL (COTTON VALLEY) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Gas lease lease 143464District 06Field 664612752 tax incentive programmesCondensateGasSave Export

Value, all time

$3.8 M

Jan 1993 – Oct 2019

Value, last 12 filed months

$165

at the published price for each month

Months reported

322

no gaps in the span

Streams

condensate, gas

The OAK HILL (COTTON VALLEY) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 2,275 leases and 2,276 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1976-11-17

as the register files it

Field class

Oil and gas

the register's own label

Between wells

1,200 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 20 acres. The field rule took effect on 2018-03-20.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “FIELD. EFFECTIVE 4/12/16.”

Severance-tax incentive filings

Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.

Programme	Filings	With an approval date	Dated	Docket
High Cost Gas	1	1	1993-02-06	127001
NGPA	1	none	—	—

This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Condensate	Disposition	5,535 bbl	$145,639
Gas	Production	1,391,511 Mcf	$3,607,757
Total			$3,753,395

556,699 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 48 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (1)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 32.2221, -94.8514. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.0 miles.

32.22205, -94.85137 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

100.0%

1 of 1 wells

With a plug date

100.0%

1 of 1 wells

Median depth

10,900 ft

1 wells filed one

Completion to plug

26.4 years

median over 1 well

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

1100.0%

A plug date is filed

1100.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

1100.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

00.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

The one well that filed a depth was drilled to 10,900 ft.

Completions filed

Nov 1992

1 of 1 wells

Plug dates filed

Apr 2019

1 of 1 wells

Last completion to plug: a median of 26.4 years across the 1 well that filed both dates, with the middle half between 26.4 years and 26.4 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

1 well


42-40132406	3	10,900 ft	Nov 1992	Apr 2019	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (322)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

322 months


Oct 2019	0	0	53.47	2.42	$0
Sep 2019	0	0	55.05	2.66	$0
Aug 2019	2	0	53.11	2.30	$106
Jul 2019	0	0	56.27	2.46	$0
Jun 2019	0	0	52.78	2.49	$0
May 2019	1	0	58.48	2.74	$58
Apr 2019	0	0	62.63	2.75	$0
Mar 2019	0	0	56.80	3.06	$0
Feb 2019	0	0	50.85	2.79	$0
Jan 2019	0	0	46.03	3.23	$0
Dec 2018	0	0	46.59	4.19	$0
Nov 2018	0	0	52.93	4.24	$0
Oct 2018	0	0	61.44	3.40	$0
Sep 2018	0	0	59.54	3.11	$0
Aug 2018	0	0	59.40	3.07	$0
Jul 2018	0	0	65.14	2.93	$0
Jun 2018	0	0	60.18	3.08	$0
May 2018	0	0	65.38	2.90	$0
Apr 2018	0	0	63.84	2.90	$0
Mar 2018	0	0	61.22	2.79	$0
Feb 2018	23	0	61.78	2.77	$1,421
Jan 2018	0	0	62.87	4.01	$0
Dec 2017	0	0	57.27	2.92	$0
Nov 2017	0	0	55.42	3.12	$0
Oct 2017	0	0	49.29	2.98	$0
Sep 2017	0	0	47.52	3.09	$0
Aug 2017	0	0	45.37	3.00	$0
Jul 2017	0	0	43.87	3.09	$0
Jun 2017	0	399	42.49	3.09	$1,232
May 2017	59	1,833	45.37	3.26	$8,659
Apr 2017	0	1,775	47.93	3.21	$5,701
Mar 2017	0	1,781	46.77	2.98	$5,314
Feb 2017	0	1,651	50.45	2.95	$4,875
Jan 2017	0	1,930	49.41	3.42	$6,598
Dec 2016	0	1,924	48.76	3.72	$7,163
Nov 2016	0	1,967	42.49	2.64	$5,201
Oct 2016	0	2,074	46.19	3.09	$6,409
Sep 2016	0	2,182	41.55	3.10	$6,766
Aug 2016	76	2,281	41.44	2.92	$9,820
Jul 2016	0	2,119	41.62	2.92	$6,197
Jun 2016	0	2,157	45.35	2.69	$5,793
May 2016	0	2,116	42.52	1.99	$4,213
Apr 2016	0	2,685	36.56	1.99	$5,346
Mar 2016	0	2,570	33.01	1.79	$4,611
Feb 2016	0	907	26.47	2.06	$1,872
Jan 2016	0	944	27.35	2.36	$2,232
Dec 2015	0	928	32.36	2.00	$1,857
Nov 2015	0	978	38.79	2.17	$2,120
Oct 2015	0	1,107	43.55	2.43	$2,686
Sep 2015	0	1,065	42.99	2.76	$2,938
Aug 2015	0	1,040	40.16	2.87	$2,987
Jul 2015	3	1,643	48.15	2.95	$4,983
Jun 2015	0	1,360	56.15	2.88	$3,921
May 2015	0	1,745	55.21	2.96	$5,157
Apr 2015	0	2,407	49.82	2.71	$6,515
Mar 2015	0	1,099	42.89	2.93	$3,225
Feb 2015	0	1,817	44.66	2.98	$5,408
Jan 2015	0	1,918	43.43	3.10	$5,947
Dec 2014	0	1,906	54.69	3.59	$6,845
Nov 2014	0	1,867	70.46	4.25	$7,938
Oct 2014	0	2,084	78.30	3.90	$8,130
Sep 2014	0	2,105	86.16	4.05	$8,516
Aug 2014	0	2,106	89.39	4.04	$8,498
Jul 2014	0	2,188	96.56	4.18	$9,145
Jun 2014	0	2,372	98.16	4.74	$11,236
May 2014	0	2,553	94.73	4.73	$12,067
Apr 2014	0	3,256	95.94	4.81	$15,658
Mar 2014	0	2,952	95.89	5.06	$14,928
Feb 2014	0	761	97.40	6.19	$4,712
Jan 2014	0	962	90.40	4.86	$4,676
Dec 2013	0	966	91.82	4.35	$4,206
Nov 2013	0	950	88.85	3.74	$3,551
Oct 2013	0	968	97.42	3.78	$3,658
Sep 2013	0	944	104.11	3.72	$3,510
Aug 2013	0	954	104.25	3.52	$3,361
Jul 2013	0	974	102.52	3.72	$3,621
Jun 2013	0	992	94.40	3.93	$3,902
May 2013	0	1,086	94.83	4.15	$4,506
Apr 2013	0	1,029	93.96	4.28	$4,407
Mar 2013	0	1,086	93.62	3.91	$4,249
Feb 2013	0	1,006	91.23	3.42	$3,440
Jan 2013	0	1,130	91.60	3.42	$3,865
Dec 2012	0	1,224	86.77	3.42	$4,186
Nov 2012	0	1,260	86.95	3.62	$4,567
Oct 2012	0	1,228	89.38	3.40	$4,175
Sep 2012	0	1,074	94.67	2.92	$3,134
Aug 2012	0	1,239	92.66	2.91	$3,603
Jul 2012	0	1,299	85.13	3.02	$3,924
Jun 2012	0	1,236	79.82	2.52	$3,114
May 2012	0	1,505	91.61	2.49	$3,745
Apr 2012	0	1,469	101.65	2.00	$2,933
Mar 2012	0	1,246	105.05	2.22	$2,769
Feb 2012	0	1,501	101.10	2.57	$3,858
Jan 2012	0	1,269	98.09	2.73	$3,470
Dec 2011	0	1,368	96.87	3.24	$4,432
Nov 2011	0	1,403	95.72	3.31	$4,646
Oct 2011	0	1,462	84.98	3.65	$5,334
Sep 2011	0	1,650	83.62	3.99	$6,577
Aug 2011	0	1,627	83.40	4.15	$6,751
Jul 2011	46	1,812	94.14	4.52	$12,516
Jun 2011	38	1,602	92.90	4.64	$10,963
May 2011	0	1,684	98.13	4.40	$7,418
Apr 2011	8	1,616	105.96	4.33	$7,850
Mar 2011	7	1,837	96.36	4.06	$8,128
Feb 2011	25	1,274	85.64	4.18	$7,466
Jan 2011	0	1,655	86.50	4.59	$7,594
Dec 2010	24	2,374	85.73	4.35	$12,379
Nov 2010	0	1,336	80.84	3.80	$5,071
Oct 2010	0	2,107	78.10	3.51	$7,393
Sep 2010	0	1,906	72.63	3.98	$7,585
Aug 2010	0	1,884	73.68	4.42	$8,326
Jul 2010	0	1,976	72.55	4.74	$9,359
Jun 2010	0	1,858	70.36	4.91	$9,124
May 2010	0	1,946	71.12	4.24	$8,242
Apr 2010	0	2,132	81.69	4.12	$8,790
Mar 2010	0	1,892	78.39	4.39	$8,303
Feb 2010	0	1,726	73.58	5.44	$9,394
Jan 2010	0	2,055	74.36	5.96	$12,256
Dec 2009	0	1,534	71.44	5.48	$8,412
Nov 2009	0	1,746	74.59	3.75	$6,550
Oct 2009	0	1,755	72.54	4.11	$7,213
Sep 2009	0	1,531	65.54	3.06	$4,692
Aug 2009	0	1,889	67.42	3.22	$6,080
Jul 2009	0	2,000	61.13	3.46	$6,929
Jun 2009	0	2,082	66.16	3.90	$8,109
May 2009	0	1,681	54.74	3.93	$6,599
Apr 2009	0	1,643	46.77	3.59	$5,894
Mar 2009	0	1,299	42.14	4.06	$5,273
Feb 2009	0	1,834	32.81	4.63	$8,497
Jan 2009	0	1,948	35.86	5.37	$10,463
Dec 2008	0	2,209	37.10	5.98	$13,204
Nov 2008	0	2,498	55.49	6.86	$17,137
Oct 2008	0	1,501	75.24	6.92	$10,390
Sep 2008	96	2,061	101.76	7.88	$26,004
Aug 2008	0	2,040	114.22	8.48	$17,305
Jul 2008	0	2,165	131.08	11.39	$24,658
Jun 2008	2	1,768	131.33	13.03	$23,304
May 2008	10	2,270	123.17	11.57	$27,505
Apr 2008	0	2,082	110.31	10.45	$21,767
Mar 2008	21	2,289	101.90	9.66	$24,261
Feb 2008	18	2,015	92.53	8.77	$19,338
Jan 2008	50	2,411	90.38	8.21	$24,303
Dec 2007	5	2,575	88.33	7.30	$19,244
Nov 2007	14	2,281	91.67	7.29	$17,916
Oct 2007	12	2,549	82.85	6.92	$18,638
Sep 2007	8	3,049	75.84	6.24	$19,645
Aug 2007	6	1,857	69.06	6.39	$12,277
Jul 2007	15	2,954	70.90	6.39	$19,933
Jun 2007	8	2,817	62.00	7.55	$21,760
May 2007	12	2,770	58.74	7.85	$22,439
Apr 2007	7	2,154	59.61	7.81	$17,230
Mar 2007	8	2,618	56.92	7.30	$19,572
Feb 2007	3	2,295	55.10	8.22	$19,021
Jan 2007	7	2,756	50.30	6.73	$18,891
Dec 2006	9	2,697	56.65	6.92	$19,169
Nov 2006	18	2,900	54.20	7.62	$23,066
Oct 2006	23	2,921	54.90	6.01	$18,829
Sep 2006	45	3,179	60.08	5.04	$18,717
Aug 2006	0	3,422	68.71	7.34	$25,117
Jul 2006	0	3,685	69.37	6.34	$23,373
Jun 2006	7	3,321	66.28	6.38	$21,665
May 2006	0	2,652	66.01	6.42	$17,039
Apr 2006	1	2,080	64.39	7.36	$15,374
Mar 2006	0	2,653	56.70	7.08	$18,791
Feb 2006	1	3,333	57.59	7.75	$25,892
Jan 2006	0	1,384	60.59	8.93	$12,364
Dec 2005	0	3,773	54.94	13.42	$50,616
Nov 2005	0	3,100	54.69	10.59	$32,824
Oct 2005	1	3,633	58.34	13.80	$50,178
Sep 2005	0	3,356	61.45	12.08	$40,537
Aug 2005	0	2,445	61.51	9.80	$23,953
Jul 2005	0	3,315	55.69	7.84	$26,002
Jun 2005	0	4,569	52.33	7.38	$33,724
May 2005	21	5,993	45.22	6.65	$40,810
Apr 2005	5	5,778	49.20	7.36	$42,775
Mar 2005	0	4,987	50.37	7.15	$35,681
Feb 2005	27	2,574	45.22	6.31	$17,468
Jan 2005	0	3,236	43.16	6.32	$20,459
Dec 2004	0	2,951	39.86	6.75	$19,922
Nov 2004	29	3,123	45.28	6.33	$21,083
Oct 2004	0	4,074	49.70	6.52	$26,543
Sep 2004	26	4,256	43.24	5.28	$23,613
Aug 2004	0	3,904	42.37	5.55	$21,670
Jul 2004	0	4,206	38.28	6.08	$25,590
Jun 2004	24	4,529	36.10	6.43	$30,002
May 2004	5	4,051	37.48	6.49	$26,497
Apr 2004	15	3,541	34.47	5.86	$21,262
Mar 2004	0	4,275	34.36	5.53	$23,641
Feb 2004	27	4,024	32.45	5.51	$23,047
Jan 2004	5	4,203	32.03	6.30	$26,638
Dec 2003	36	7,745	30.26	6.30	$49,896
Nov 2003	36	4,856	28.80	4.60	$23,351
Oct 2003	25	6,764	28.17	4.76	$32,898
Sep 2003	21	3,459	26.31	4.75	$16,981
Aug 2003	15	6,148	29.76	5.13	$31,984
Jul 2003	0	6,782	29.41	5.17	$35,069
Jun 2003	5	6,668	28.56	5.98	$40,037
May 2003	6	2,506	26.59	5.97	$15,127
Apr 2003	0	958	26.67	5.41	$5,180
Mar 2003	0	465	31.14	6.10	$2,835
Feb 2003	0	3,576	33.48	7.93	$28,343
Jan 2003	109	6,776	30.31	5.58	$41,128
Dec 2002	0	5,816	26.91	4.85	$28,229
Nov 2002	0	5,631	24.66	4.14	$23,295
Oct 2002	0	5,342	26.46	4.23	$22,592
Sep 2002	0	4,449	27.44	3.64	$16,173
Aug 2002	0	4,621	25.96	3.16	$14,622
Jul 2002	0	4,488	24.58	3.06	$13,741
Jun 2002	0	4,473	23.73	3.34	$14,932
May 2002	0	4,196	24.66	3.58	$15,038
Apr 2002	0	4,410	23.65	3.51	$15,489
Mar 2002	0	4,393	22.00	3.10	$13,630
Feb 2002	0	4,166	18.22	2.38	$9,897
Jan 2002	0	5,379	17.17	2.38	$12,779
Dec 2001	0	5,317	16.93	2.36	$12,572
Nov 2001	0	4,800	18.07	2.41	$11,547
Oct 2001	0	4,909	19.78	2.53	$12,414
Sep 2001	0	5,253	24.26	2.25	$11,826
Aug 2001	0	5,571	24.87	3.05	$17,009
Jul 2001	0	5,935	23.93	3.20	$18,975
Jun 2001	0	5,789	24.56	3.82	$22,138
May 2001	142	4,117	25.52	4.31	$21,357
Apr 2001	0	6,674	24.68	5.34	$35,608
Mar 2001	0	6,336	24.54	5.38	$34,065
Feb 2001	0	4,632	27.75	5.77	$26,713
Jan 2001	0	5,274	27.47	8.40	$44,295
Dec 2000	139	5,140	26.88	9.12	$50,626
Nov 2000	0	4,841	32.21	5.66	$27,390
Oct 2000	9	5,614	31.23	5.15	$29,168
Sep 2000	0	4,877	31.87	5.19	$25,295
Aug 2000	7	5,823	29.64	4.54	$26,648
Jul 2000	8	5,841	28.53	4.09	$24,116
Jun 2000	0	6,009	29.30	4.40	$26,423
May 2000	7	6,271	27.26	3.68	$23,267
Apr 2000	122	6,047	24.51	3.12	$21,833
Mar 2000	7	6,568	28.42	2.86	$18,982
Feb 2000	0	6,243	27.62	2.73	$17,022
Jan 2000	19	6,393	25.27	2.48	$16,338
Dec 1999	0	7,109	24.28	2.42	$17,230
Nov 1999	0	6,274	23.19	2.43	$15,271
Oct 1999	0	6,663	20.98	2.80	$18,681
Sep 1999	98	5,863	21.75	2.62	$17,486
Aug 1999	0	6,769	19.26	2.88	$19,465
Jul 1999	1	6,900	17.89	2.37	$16,387
Jun 1999	0	6,705	15.94	2.36	$15,838
May 1999	0	7,360	15.79	2.32	$17,083
Apr 1999	0	6,435	15.10	2.21	$14,209
Mar 1999	98	7,040	12.47	1.84	$14,164
Feb 1999	0	6,840	9.98	1.82	$12,434
Jan 1999	0	7,480	10.38	1.90	$14,212
Dec 1998	0	7,742	9.20	1.77	$13,729
Nov 1998	0	7,322	10.89	2.19	$16,004
Oct 1998	0	7,902	12.42	1.97	$15,561
Sep 1998	0	8,710	12.59	2.08	$18,140
Aug 1998	0	8,210	11.30	1.91	$15,659
Jul 1998	96	9,282	11.74	2.24	$21,893
Jun 1998	0	8,947	11.24	2.24	$20,017
May 1998	94	7,621	12.62	2.21	$18,001
Apr 1998	70	8,965	13.04	2.51	$23,373
Mar 1998	0	16,868	12.80	2.31	$38,956
Feb 1998	0	0	13.95	2.30	$0
Jan 1998	76	0	14.70	2.15	$1,117
Dec 1997	0	0	16.32	2.41	$0
Nov 1997	0	0	18.19	3.09	$0
Oct 1997	0	0	19.25	3.15	$0
Sep 1997	0	3,424	17.74	2.95	$10,118
Aug 1997	0	5,619	17.86	2.55	$14,355
Jul 1997	0	7,284	17.58	2.25	$16,367
Jun 1997	95	7,375	17.24	2.26	$18,285
May 1997	0	7,907	18.97	2.31	$18,253
Apr 1997	96	7,896	17.88	2.08	$18,162
Mar 1997	0	7,732	18.95	1.94	$14,993
Feb 1997	0	7,681	20.49	2.21	$16,944
Jan 1997	94	8,166	23.48	3.54	$31,112
Dec 1996	1	8,309	23.32	—	$23
Nov 1996	0	7,529	21.97	—	$0
Oct 1996	0	8,738	23.31	—	$0
Sep 1996	0	8,975	22.22	—	$0
Aug 1996	94	9,576	20.26	—	$1,904
Jul 1996	0	9,964	19.55	—	$0
Jun 1996	0	9,625	18.73	—	$0
May 1996	90	11,881	19.43	—	$1,749
Apr 1996	95	6,858	21.51	—	$2,043
Mar 1996	0	4,399	19.38	—	$0
Feb 1996	99	4,860	16.98	—	$1,681
Jan 1996	0	4,271	17.07	—	$0
Dec 1995	99	4,032	17.19	—	$1,702
Nov 1995	0	3,371	16.00	—	$0
Oct 1995	0	3,129	15.43	—	$0
Sep 1995	0	4,063	16.18	—	$0
Aug 1995	93	6,007	15.92	—	$1,481
Jul 1995	0	4,691	15.24	—	$0
Jun 1995	93	5,569	16.41	—	$1,526
May 1995	1	6,478	17.56	—	$18
Apr 1995	92	5,362	17.73	—	$1,631
Mar 1995	0	5,537	16.44	—	$0
Feb 1995	150	5,324	16.58	—	$2,487
Jan 1995	0	6,414	15.92	—	$0
Dec 1994	91	7,066	15.03	—	$1,368
Nov 1994	116	7,203	15.90	—	$1,844
Oct 1994	1	8,123	15.58	—	$16
Sep 1994	109	8,417	15.29	—	$1,667
Aug 1994	88	9,789	16.13	—	$1,419
Jul 1994	11	10,030	17.56	—	$193
Jun 1994	100	12,113	17.09	—	$1,709
May 1994	92	15,470	15.88	—	$1,461
Apr 1994	0	12,988	14.14	—	$0
Mar 1994	94	13,613	12.46	—	$1,171
Feb 1994	94	11,633	12.50	—	$1,175
Jan 1994	89	14,311	12.66	—	$1,127
Dec 1993	92	16,140	12.33	—	$1,134
Nov 1993	1	16,401	14.49	—	$14
Oct 1993	90	17,410	15.85	—	$1,427
Sep 1993	88	17,367	15.03	—	$1,323
Aug 1993	96	19,195	15.66	—	$1,503
Jul 1993	0	20,060	15.46	—	$0
Jun 1993	91	20,256	16.79	—	$1,528
May 1993	91	22,914	17.68	—	$1,609
Apr 1993	189	24,751	18.05	—	$3,411
Mar 1993	90	28,453	18.14	—	$1,633
Feb 1993	198	28,490	17.90	—	$3,544
Jan 1993	283	39,544	16.93	—	$4,791

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

Aug 2019 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Condensate             2 bbl  × $ 53.11 =       $106
Gas                    0 Mcf  × $  2.30 =         $0

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                     $106

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 06/G/143464 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.