NIX, BILLIE
Operated by AETERNUM ENERGY, LLC (P-5 8596) in the NACONICHE CREEK (COTTON VALLEY) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.
The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.
These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 11 leases and 11 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.
A drilling unit in this field needs at least 40 acres. The field rule took effect on 2006-02-28.
The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “AOF-1 AND AOF-2 EFFECTIVE 11/01/2008.”
Severance-tax incentive filings
Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.
| Programme | Filings | With an approval date | Dated | Docket |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High Cost Gas | 1 | 1 | 2007-05-22 | 174926 |
| NGPA | 1 | none | — | — |
This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.
What this lease produced, and what it was worth
Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.
| Stream | Basis | Volume | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Condensate | Disposition | 13,264 bbl | $850,105 |
| Gas | Production | 298,227 Mcf | $1,453,237 |
| Total | $2,303,342 | ||
Wells on this lease (1)
Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.
These wells centre on 31.8163, -94.5074. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.0 miles.
What these wells add up to
Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.
What the state filed about each well
A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.
How deep they were drilled
The one well that filed a depth was drilled to 10,900 ft.
1 well
| 42-34732257 | 2 | 10,900 ft | Jun 2006 | — | — |
The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.
Every month this lease reported (240)
Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.
240 months
| May 2026 | 0 | 0 | 106.41 | 3.05 | $0 |
| Apr 2026 | 0 | 0 | 98.93 | 2.87 | $0 |
| Mar 2026 | 0 | 0 | 89.75 | 3.15 | $0 |
| Feb 2026 | 0 | 0 | 63.50 | 3.75 | $0 |
| Jan 2026 | 0 | 356 | 59.13 | 8.00 | $2,847 |
| Dec 2025 | 0 | 356 | 56.66 | 4.41 | $1,571 |
| Nov 2025 | 0 | 356 | 58.59 | 3.93 | $1,398 |
| Oct 2025 | 0 | 356 | 59.38 | 3.30 | $1,177 |
| Sep 2025 | 0 | 356 | 62.74 | 3.08 | $1,095 |
| Aug 2025 | 0 | 356 | 63.93 | 3.01 | $1,073 |
| Jul 2025 | 0 | 356 | 66.74 | 3.32 | $1,180 |
| Jun 2025 | 0 | 356 | 66.48 | 3.13 | $1,114 |
| May 2025 | 0 | 630 | 60.55 | 3.23 | $2,036 |
| Apr 2025 | 0 | 485 | 62.36 | 3.54 | $1,718 |
| Mar 2025 | 0 | 1,707 | 67.70 | 4.27 | $7,286 |
| Feb 2025 | 0 | 1,971 | 70.88 | 4.34 | $8,556 |
| Jan 2025 | 0 | 304 | 74.32 | 4.28 | $1,301 |
| Dec 2024 | 0 | 122 | 68.99 | 3.12 | $381 |
| Nov 2024 | 193 | 417 | 69.05 | 2.20 | $14,243 |
| Oct 2024 | 0 | 656 | 71.37 | 2.28 | $1,497 |
| Sep 2024 | 0 | 622 | 69.61 | 2.36 | $1,471 |
| Aug 2024 | 0 | 1,462 | 75.63 | 2.06 | $3,017 |
| Jul 2024 | 0 | 333 | 79.93 | 2.15 | $715 |
| Jun 2024 | 177 | 1,006 | 78.08 | 2.63 | $16,470 |
| May 2024 | 177 | 1,006 | 78.81 | 2.20 | $16,161 |
| Apr 2024 | 0 | 903 | 84.45 | 1.66 | $1,498 |
| Mar 2024 | 0 | 1,033 | 80.30 | 1.55 | $1,596 |
| Feb 2024 | 171 | 842 | 76.09 | 1.78 | $14,513 |
| Jan 2024 | 0 | 992 | 73.02 | 3.30 | $3,271 |
| Dec 2023 | 169 | 1,038 | 71.26 | 2.61 | $14,753 |
| Nov 2023 | 0 | 1,096 | 77.89 | 2.81 | $3,077 |
| Oct 2023 | 151 | 1,072 | 85.44 | 3.09 | $16,211 |
| Sep 2023 | 0 | 996 | 89.04 | 2.74 | $2,724 |
| Aug 2023 | 0 | 1,534 | 80.52 | 2.67 | $4,100 |
| Jul 2023 | 0 | 1,453 | 74.85 | 2.64 | $3,839 |
| Jun 2023 | 0 | 1,518 | 68.96 | 2.26 | $3,428 |
| May 2023 | 0 | 1,667 | 70.62 | 2.23 | $3,713 |
| Apr 2023 | 0 | 1,377 | 78.12 | 2.24 | $3,081 |
| Mar 2023 | 0 | 1,388 | 72.85 | 2.39 | $3,322 |
| Feb 2023 | 0 | 1,193 | 75.11 | 2.47 | $2,942 |
| Jan 2023 | 179 | 1,500 | 76.53 | 3.39 | $18,780 |
| Dec 2022 | 180 | 1,488 | 76.41 | 5.73 | $22,279 |
| Nov 2022 | 0 | 1,619 | 85.00 | 5.65 | $9,141 |
| Oct 2022 | 178 | 1,854 | 87.18 | 5.86 | $26,389 |
| Sep 2022 | 0 | 2,153 | 84.88 | 8.16 | $17,576 |
| Aug 2022 | 180 | 3,284 | 94.52 | 9.13 | $46,987 |
| Jul 2022 | 0 | 930 | 101.58 | 7.54 | $7,014 |
| Jun 2022 | 0 | 1,844 | 115.09 | 7.98 | $14,710 |
| May 2022 | 168 | 464 | 109.37 | 8.43 | $22,287 |
| Apr 2022 | 0 | 2,636 | 104.22 | 6.84 | $18,024 |
| Mar 2022 | 0 | 2,912 | 108.88 | 5.08 | $14,782 |
| Feb 2022 | 0 | 1,142 | 91.05 | 4.86 | $5,549 |
| Jan 2022 | 341 | 0 | 81.84 | 4.54 | $27,907 |
| Dec 2021 | 172 | 3,957 | 71.32 | 3.90 | $27,696 |
| Nov 2021 | 0 | 4,452 | 77.43 | 5.24 | $23,314 |
| Oct 2021 | 0 | 59 | 79.79 | 5.71 | $337 |
| Sep 2021 | 0 | 77 | 69.86 | 5.35 | $412 |
| Aug 2021 | 0 | 0 | 66.02 | 4.22 | $0 |
| Jul 2021 | 170 | 19 | 70.78 | 3.98 | $12,108 |
| Jun 2021 | 174 | 841 | 69.49 | 3.38 | $14,934 |
| May 2021 | 170 | 2,285 | 63.48 | 3.02 | $17,687 |
| Apr 2021 | 0 | 465 | 60.36 | 2.76 | $1,283 |
| Mar 2021 | 0 | 54 | 61.30 | 2.72 | $147 |
| Feb 2021 | 0 | 279 | 57.80 | 5.55 | $1,548 |
| Jan 2021 | 347 | 1,085 | 50.41 | 2.81 | $20,541 |
| Dec 2020 | 0 | 2,554 | 44.64 | 2.68 | $6,833 |
| Nov 2020 | 177 | 2,654 | 38.77 | 2.71 | $14,046 |
| Oct 2020 | 43 | 2,648 | 36.97 | 2.48 | $8,153 |
| Sep 2020 | 0 | 2,621 | 37.09 | 1.99 | $5,219 |
| Aug 2020 | 288 | 1,897 | 39.98 | 2.39 | $16,039 |
| Jul 2020 | 183 | 6,374 | 38.37 | 1.83 | $18,655 |
| Jun 2020 | 0 | 4,256 | 34.90 | 1.69 | $7,194 |
| May 2020 | 0 | 15 | 16.92 | 1.81 | $27 |
| Apr 2020 | 0 | 6 | 14.75 | 1.80 | $11 |
| Mar 2020 | 0 | 3 | 30.34 | 1.86 | $6 |
| Feb 2020 | 0 | 286 | 49.88 | 1.98 | $566 |
| Jan 2020 | 0 | 242 | 57.25 | 2.09 | $507 |
| Dec 2019 | 0 | 768 | 59.01 | 2.30 | $1,770 |
| Nov 2019 | 0 | 365 | 55.30 | 2.75 | $1,004 |
| Oct 2019 | 0 | 226 | 53.47 | 2.42 | $547 |
| Sep 2019 | 0 | 654 | 55.05 | 2.66 | $1,738 |
| Aug 2019 | 0 | 1,576 | 53.11 | 2.30 | $3,632 |
| Jul 2019 | 175 | 1,260 | 56.27 | 2.46 | $12,947 |
| Jun 2019 | 0 | 2,145 | 52.78 | 2.49 | $5,344 |
| May 2019 | 0 | 2,298 | 58.48 | 2.74 | $6,297 |
| Apr 2019 | 170 | 2,382 | 62.63 | 2.75 | $17,199 |
| Mar 2019 | 170 | 2,455 | 56.80 | 3.06 | $17,173 |
| Feb 2019 | 0 | 3,404 | 50.85 | 2.79 | $9,505 |
| Jan 2019 | 172 | 2,961 | 46.03 | 3.23 | $17,476 |
| Dec 2018 | 170 | 4,007 | 46.59 | 4.19 | $24,691 |
| Nov 2018 | 171 | 2,778 | 52.93 | 4.24 | $20,822 |
| Oct 2018 | 170 | 3,833 | 61.44 | 3.40 | $23,470 |
| Sep 2018 | 341 | 4,149 | 59.54 | 3.11 | $33,198 |
| Aug 2018 | 0 | 11 | 59.40 | 3.07 | $34 |
| Jul 2018 | 0 | 11 | 65.14 | 2.93 | $32 |
| Jun 2018 | 0 | 800 | 60.18 | 3.08 | $2,462 |
| May 2018 | 347 | 5,288 | 65.38 | 2.90 | $38,026 |
| Apr 2018 | 323 | 2,017 | 63.84 | 2.90 | $26,471 |
| Mar 2018 | 338 | 5,641 | 61.22 | 2.79 | $36,413 |
| Feb 2018 | 1,333 | 3,973 | 61.78 | 2.77 | $93,343 |
| Jan 2018 | 1,264 | 5,092 | 62.87 | 4.01 | $99,883 |
| Dec 2017 | 1,630 | 3,067 | 57.27 | 2.92 | $102,310 |
| Nov 2017 | 1,222 | 1,576 | 55.42 | 3.12 | $72,638 |
| Oct 2017 | 0 | 0 | 49.29 | 2.98 | $0 |
| Sep 2017 | 0 | 0 | 47.52 | 3.09 | $0 |
| Aug 2017 | 0 | 0 | 45.37 | 3.00 | $0 |
| Jul 2017 | 0 | 0 | 43.87 | 3.09 | $0 |
| Jun 2017 | 0 | 0 | 42.49 | 3.09 | $0 |
| May 2017 | 0 | 0 | 45.37 | 3.26 | $0 |
| Apr 2017 | 0 | 0 | 47.93 | 3.21 | $0 |
| Mar 2017 | 0 | 0 | 46.77 | 2.98 | $0 |
| Feb 2017 | 0 | 0 | 50.45 | 2.95 | $0 |
| Jan 2017 | 0 | 0 | 49.41 | 3.42 | $0 |
| Dec 2016 | 0 | 0 | 48.76 | 3.72 | $0 |
| Nov 2016 | 0 | 0 | 42.49 | 2.64 | $0 |
| Oct 2016 | 0 | 0 | 46.19 | 3.09 | $0 |
| Sep 2016 | 0 | 0 | 41.55 | 3.10 | $0 |
| Aug 2016 | 0 | 0 | 41.44 | 2.92 | $0 |
| Jul 2016 | 0 | 0 | 41.62 | 2.92 | $0 |
| Jun 2016 | 0 | 0 | 45.35 | 2.69 | $0 |
| May 2016 | 0 | 0 | 42.52 | 1.99 | $0 |
| Apr 2016 | 0 | 0 | 36.56 | 1.99 | $0 |
| Mar 2016 | 0 | 0 | 33.01 | 1.79 | $0 |
| Feb 2016 | 0 | 0 | 26.47 | 2.06 | $0 |
| Jan 2016 | 0 | 0 | 27.35 | 2.36 | $0 |
| Dec 2015 | 0 | 0 | 32.36 | 2.00 | $0 |
| Nov 2015 | 0 | 0 | 38.79 | 2.17 | $0 |
| Oct 2015 | 0 | 0 | 43.55 | 2.43 | $0 |
| Sep 2015 | 0 | 72 | 42.99 | 2.76 | $199 |
| Aug 2015 | 0 | 235 | 40.16 | 2.87 | $675 |
| Jul 2015 | 0 | 97 | 48.15 | 2.95 | $286 |
| Jun 2015 | 0 | 120 | 56.15 | 2.88 | $346 |
| May 2015 | 119 | 222 | 55.21 | 2.96 | $7,226 |
| Apr 2015 | 1 | 126 | 49.82 | 2.71 | $391 |
| Mar 2015 | 0 | 186 | 42.89 | 2.93 | $546 |
| Feb 2015 | 0 | 229 | 44.66 | 2.98 | $682 |
| Jan 2015 | 0 | 118 | 43.43 | 3.10 | $366 |
| Dec 2014 | 2 | 320 | 54.69 | 3.59 | $1,259 |
| Nov 2014 | 0 | 262 | 70.46 | 4.25 | $1,114 |
| Oct 2014 | 0 | 240 | 78.30 | 3.90 | $936 |
| Sep 2014 | 0 | 240 | 86.16 | 4.05 | $971 |
| Aug 2014 | 0 | 523 | 89.39 | 4.04 | $2,110 |
| Jul 2014 | 0 | 591 | 96.56 | 4.18 | $2,470 |
| Jun 2014 | 1 | 1,064 | 98.16 | 4.74 | $5,138 |
| May 2014 | 3 | 408 | 94.73 | 4.73 | $2,213 |
| Apr 2014 | 1 | 291 | 95.94 | 4.81 | $1,495 |
| Mar 2014 | 1 | 447 | 95.89 | 5.06 | $2,356 |
| Feb 2014 | 2 | 255 | 97.40 | 6.19 | $1,774 |
| Jan 2014 | 2 | 315 | 90.40 | 4.86 | $1,712 |
| Dec 2013 | 2 | 323 | 91.82 | 4.35 | $1,590 |
| Nov 2013 | 0 | 313 | 88.85 | 3.74 | $1,170 |
| Oct 2013 | 1 | 324 | 97.42 | 3.78 | $1,322 |
| Sep 2013 | 1 | 218 | 104.11 | 3.72 | $915 |
| Aug 2013 | 1 | 461 | 104.25 | 3.52 | $1,728 |
| Jul 2013 | 5 | 581 | 102.52 | 3.72 | $2,673 |
| Jun 2013 | 0 | 223 | 94.40 | 3.93 | $877 |
| May 2013 | 0 | 286 | 94.83 | 4.15 | $1,187 |
| Apr 2013 | 0 | 439 | 93.96 | 4.28 | $1,880 |
| Mar 2013 | 0 | 387 | 93.62 | 3.91 | $1,514 |
| Feb 2013 | 0 | 531 | 91.23 | 3.42 | $1,816 |
| Jan 2013 | 0 | 493 | 91.60 | 3.42 | $1,686 |
| Dec 2012 | 0 | 715 | 86.77 | 3.42 | $2,445 |
| Nov 2012 | 0 | 626 | 86.95 | 3.62 | $2,269 |
| Oct 2012 | 0 | 315 | 89.38 | 3.40 | $1,071 |
| Sep 2012 | 0 | 161 | 94.67 | 2.92 | $470 |
| Aug 2012 | 183 | 292 | 92.66 | 2.91 | $17,806 |
| Jul 2012 | 0 | 220 | 85.13 | 3.02 | $665 |
| Jun 2012 | 0 | 175 | 79.82 | 2.52 | $441 |
| May 2012 | 0 | 155 | 91.61 | 2.49 | $386 |
| Apr 2012 | 0 | 205 | 101.65 | 2.00 | $409 |
| Mar 2012 | 0 | 275 | 105.05 | 2.22 | $611 |
| Feb 2012 | 0 | 245 | 101.10 | 2.57 | $630 |
| Jan 2012 | 0 | 322 | 98.09 | 2.73 | $880 |
| Dec 2011 | 0 | 439 | 96.87 | 3.24 | $1,422 |
| Nov 2011 | 0 | 381 | 95.72 | 3.31 | $1,262 |
| Oct 2011 | 0 | 293 | 84.98 | 3.65 | $1,069 |
| Sep 2011 | 0 | 267 | 83.62 | 3.99 | $1,064 |
| Aug 2011 | 0 | 260 | 83.40 | 4.15 | $1,079 |
| Jul 2011 | 0 | 423 | 94.14 | 4.52 | $1,911 |
| Jun 2011 | 0 | 602 | 92.90 | 4.64 | $2,793 |
| May 2011 | 0 | 522 | 98.13 | 4.40 | $2,299 |
| Apr 2011 | 0 | 491 | 105.96 | 4.33 | $2,128 |
| Mar 2011 | 0 | 582 | 96.36 | 4.06 | $2,361 |
| Feb 2011 | 0 | 491 | 85.64 | 4.18 | $2,052 |
| Jan 2011 | 0 | 595 | 86.50 | 4.59 | $2,730 |
| Dec 2010 | 0 | 540 | 85.73 | 4.35 | $2,348 |
| Nov 2010 | 0 | 744 | 80.84 | 3.80 | $2,824 |
| Oct 2010 | 0 | 762 | 78.10 | 3.51 | $2,674 |
| Sep 2010 | 0 | 808 | 72.63 | 3.98 | $3,215 |
| Aug 2010 | 0 | 831 | 73.68 | 4.42 | $3,672 |
| Jul 2010 | 0 | 685 | 72.55 | 4.74 | $3,245 |
| Jun 2010 | 0 | 824 | 70.36 | 4.91 | $4,046 |
| May 2010 | 0 | 907 | 71.12 | 4.24 | $3,841 |
| Apr 2010 | 0 | 819 | 81.69 | 4.12 | $3,376 |
| Mar 2010 | 0 | 846 | 78.39 | 4.39 | $3,713 |
| Feb 2010 | 0 | 858 | 73.58 | 5.44 | $4,670 |
| Jan 2010 | 203 | 1,113 | 74.36 | 5.96 | $21,733 |
| Dec 2009 | 0 | 730 | 71.44 | 5.48 | $4,003 |
| Nov 2009 | 0 | 914 | 74.59 | 3.75 | $3,429 |
| Oct 2009 | 0 | 1,185 | 72.54 | 4.11 | $4,871 |
| Sep 2009 | 0 | 1,126 | 65.54 | 3.06 | $3,451 |
| Aug 2009 | 0 | 1,220 | 67.42 | 3.22 | $3,927 |
| Jul 2009 | 0 | 1,248 | 61.13 | 3.46 | $4,324 |
| Jun 2009 | 0 | 1,219 | 66.16 | 3.90 | $4,748 |
| May 2009 | 0 | 1,323 | 54.74 | 3.93 | $5,194 |
| Apr 2009 | 0 | 1,165 | 46.77 | 3.59 | $4,179 |
| Mar 2009 | 0 | 1,261 | 42.14 | 4.06 | $5,118 |
| Feb 2009 | 1 | 1,247 | 32.81 | 4.63 | $5,810 |
| Jan 2009 | 3 | 1,456 | 35.86 | 5.37 | $7,928 |
| Dec 2008 | 0 | 1,482 | 37.10 | 5.98 | $8,858 |
| Nov 2008 | 0 | 1,407 | 55.49 | 6.86 | $9,653 |
| Oct 2008 | 0 | 1,396 | 75.24 | 6.92 | $9,663 |
| Sep 2008 | 0 | 1,460 | 101.76 | 7.88 | $11,501 |
| Aug 2008 | 0 | 1,494 | 114.22 | 8.48 | $12,674 |
| Jul 2008 | 191 | 1,651 | 131.08 | 11.39 | $43,840 |
| Jun 2008 | 0 | 1,443 | 131.33 | 13.03 | $18,806 |
| May 2008 | 0 | 1,826 | 123.17 | 11.57 | $21,135 |
| Apr 2008 | 0 | 1,774 | 110.31 | 10.45 | $18,547 |
| Mar 2008 | 0 | 1,947 | 101.90 | 9.66 | $18,816 |
| Feb 2008 | 0 | 2,030 | 92.53 | 8.77 | $17,804 |
| Jan 2008 | 0 | 2,504 | 90.38 | 8.21 | $20,547 |
| Dec 2007 | 0 | 2,404 | 88.33 | 7.30 | $17,554 |
| Nov 2007 | 0 | 2,248 | 91.67 | 7.29 | $16,392 |
| Oct 2007 | 0 | 2,085 | 82.85 | 6.92 | $14,432 |
| Sep 2007 | 0 | 2,726 | 75.84 | 6.24 | $17,022 |
| Aug 2007 | 183 | 2,740 | 69.06 | 6.39 | $30,141 |
| Jul 2007 | 0 | 3,243 | 70.90 | 6.39 | $20,716 |
| Jun 2007 | 0 | 2,716 | 62.00 | 7.55 | $20,502 |
| May 2007 | 0 | 4,627 | 58.74 | 7.85 | $36,305 |
| Apr 2007 | 0 | 4,606 | 59.61 | 7.81 | $35,951 |
| Mar 2007 | 0 | 4,428 | 56.92 | 7.30 | $32,333 |
| Feb 2007 | 0 | 4,495 | 55.10 | 8.22 | $36,931 |
| Jan 2007 | 0 | 318 | 50.30 | 6.73 | $2,139 |
| Dec 2006 | 167 | 1,424 | 56.65 | 6.92 | $19,312 |
| Nov 2006 | 0 | 4,225 | 54.20 | 7.62 | $32,184 |
| Oct 2006 | 0 | 5,359 | 54.90 | 6.01 | $32,228 |
| Sep 2006 | 207 | 7,194 | 60.08 | 5.04 | $48,674 |
| Aug 2006 | 0 | 10,253 | 68.71 | 7.34 | $75,256 |
| Jul 2006 | 0 | 11,086 | 69.37 | 6.34 | $70,316 |
| Jun 2006 | 0 | 4,450 | 66.28 | 6.38 | $28,408 |
How to read this page
The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.
Condensate 0 bbl × $ 59.13 = $0 Gas 356 Mcf × $ 8.00 = $2,847 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────── Month total $2,847
The volumes are the state's, unchanged
Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.
The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation
Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.
Oil and gas are priced differently
Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.
A lease is not a well
The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 06/G/222650 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.