NICHOLS, W. R. ET AL

Name: NICHOLS, W. R. ET AL lease production and value, Oct 1999 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by SULPHUR RIVER EXPLORATION, INC. (P-5 828880) in the BOWMAN CREEK (SMACKOVER) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 13987District 06Field 10942380Hydrogen sulphide fieldOilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$28.7 M

Oct 1999 – May 2026

Value, last 12 filed months

$177 k

at the published price for each month

Months reported

320

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The BOWMAN CREEK (SMACKOVER) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 2 leases and 2 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1999-12-05

as the register files it

Field class

Oil

the register's own label

Between wells

2,640 ft

minimum

From a lease line

933 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 320 acres. The field rule took effect on 2000-04-11.

The register flags this field for hydrogen sulphide. That is a poisonous gas that occurs naturally in some formations. The flag is a property of the field as the Commission records it. It is not a measurement taken at this lease, and it is not a statement that gas is escaping anywhere.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “DOC 06-0229686 MAKES TEMPORARY RULES PERMANENT 12/04/01”

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	500,818 bbl	$22,042,285
Casinghead gas	Production	1,127,035 Mcf	$6,655,593
Total			$28,697,879

Wells on this lease (1)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 33.0668, -94.3462. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.0 miles.

33.06679, -94.34624 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

0.0%

0 of 1 wells

With a plug date

0.0%

0 of 1 wells

Median depth

12,000 ft

1 wells filed one

Completion to plug

—

no well filed both dates

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

00.0%

A plug date is filed

00.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

00.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

1100.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

The one well that filed a depth was drilled to 12,000 ft.

Completions filed

Oct 1999

1 of 1 wells

1 well


42-06730728	1	12,000 ft	Oct 1999	—	—

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (320)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

320 months


May 2026	158	1,426	106.41	3.05	$21,156
Apr 2026	108	1,380	98.93	2.87	$14,645
Mar 2026	191	1,426	89.75	3.15	$21,633
Feb 2026	119	1,288	63.50	3.75	$12,387
Jan 2026	117	1,242	59.13	8.00	$16,852
Dec 2025	96	1,426	56.66	4.41	$11,733
Nov 2025	140	1,380	58.59	3.93	$13,621
Oct 2025	158	1,426	59.38	3.30	$14,095
Sep 2025	146	1,248	62.74	3.08	$13,000
Aug 2025	160	1,426	63.93	3.01	$14,528
Jul 2025	185	1,315	66.74	3.32	$16,706
Jun 2025	52	1,163	66.48	3.13	$7,096
May 2025	52	1,398	60.55	3.23	$7,667
Apr 2025	89	1,380	62.36	3.54	$10,440
Mar 2025	131	1,394	67.70	4.27	$14,819
Feb 2025	101	1,288	70.88	4.34	$12,750
Jan 2025	128	1,405	74.32	4.28	$15,525
Dec 2024	100	1,426	68.99	3.12	$11,350
Nov 2024	130	1,380	69.05	2.20	$12,010
Oct 2024	224	1,426	71.37	2.28	$19,240
Sep 2024	276	1,380	69.61	2.36	$22,475
Aug 2024	182	1,342	75.63	2.06	$16,534
Jul 2024	253	1,368	79.93	2.15	$23,159
Jun 2024	172	1,380	78.08	2.63	$17,065
May 2024	269	1,426	78.81	2.20	$24,335
Apr 2024	182	1,358	84.45	1.66	$17,623
Mar 2024	265	1,413	80.30	1.55	$23,463
Feb 2024	326	1,334	76.09	1.78	$27,185
Jan 2024	164	1,426	73.02	3.30	$16,678
Dec 2023	316	1,426	71.26	2.61	$26,241
Nov 2023	244	1,380	77.89	2.81	$22,880
Oct 2023	213	1,426	85.44	3.09	$22,601
Sep 2023	190	1,332	89.04	2.74	$20,561
Aug 2023	370	1,428	80.52	2.67	$33,609
Jul 2023	310	1,546	74.85	2.64	$27,288
Jun 2023	312	1,293	68.96	2.26	$24,436
May 2023	258	1,550	70.62	2.23	$21,672
Apr 2023	313	1,500	78.12	2.24	$27,808
Mar 2023	374	1,503	72.85	2.39	$30,843
Feb 2023	217	1,400	75.11	2.47	$19,751
Jan 2023	354	1,543	76.53	3.39	$32,319
Dec 2022	194	1,082	76.41	5.73	$21,022
Nov 2022	313	1,290	85.00	5.65	$33,889
Oct 2022	321	1,271	87.18	5.86	$35,438
Sep 2022	263	1,096	84.88	8.16	$31,271
Aug 2022	343	1,348	94.52	9.13	$44,724
Jul 2022	287	1,363	101.58	7.54	$39,433
Jun 2022	351	1,317	115.09	7.98	$50,903
May 2022	246	1,362	109.37	8.43	$38,391
Apr 2022	393	1,315	104.22	6.84	$49,950
Mar 2022	308	1,361	108.88	5.08	$40,444
Feb 2022	248	1,231	91.05	4.86	$28,562
Jan 2022	170	1,017	81.84	4.54	$18,528
Dec 2021	226	1,364	71.32	3.90	$21,437
Nov 2021	263	1,321	77.43	5.24	$27,282
Oct 2021	292	1,364	79.79	5.71	$31,092
Sep 2021	172	632	69.86	5.35	$15,398
Aug 2021	394	1,365	66.02	4.22	$31,773
Jul 2021	186	392	70.78	3.98	$14,726
Jun 2021	49	508	69.49	3.38	$5,122
May 2021	331	1,353	63.48	3.02	$25,095
Apr 2021	293	1,364	60.36	2.76	$21,448
Mar 2021	379	1,461	61.30	2.72	$27,202
Feb 2021	281	1,083	57.80	5.55	$22,250
Jan 2021	423	1,450	50.41	2.81	$25,398
Dec 2020	377	1,440	44.64	2.68	$20,682
Nov 2020	387	1,397	38.77	2.71	$18,785
Oct 2020	384	1,426	36.97	2.48	$17,731
Sep 2020	341	1,380	37.09	1.99	$15,395
Aug 2020	323	1,306	39.98	2.39	$16,028
Jul 2020	324	1,346	38.37	1.83	$14,888
Jun 2020	477	919	34.90	1.69	$18,201
May 2020	133	1,606	16.92	1.81	$5,165
Apr 2020	457	2,250	14.75	1.80	$10,801
Mar 2020	465	2,316	30.34	1.86	$18,407
Feb 2020	342	2,151	49.88	1.98	$21,319
Jan 2020	415	2,275	57.25	2.09	$28,524
Dec 2019	405	2,265	59.01	2.30	$29,118
Nov 2019	422	2,313	55.30	2.75	$29,699
Oct 2019	422	2,313	53.47	2.42	$28,158
Sep 2019	408	2,296	55.05	2.66	$28,562
Aug 2019	473	2,401	53.11	2.30	$30,654
Jul 2019	487	2,344	56.27	2.46	$33,170
Jun 2019	439	1,912	52.78	2.49	$27,934
May 2019	409	2,024	58.48	2.74	$29,465
Apr 2019	440	2,009	62.63	2.75	$33,083
Mar 2019	436	2,057	56.80	3.06	$31,064
Feb 2019	453	1,764	50.85	2.79	$27,961
Jan 2019	446	1,880	46.03	3.23	$26,598
Dec 2018	426	1,892	46.59	4.19	$27,766
Nov 2018	428	1,932	52.93	4.24	$30,840
Oct 2018	473	2,060	61.44	3.40	$36,061
Sep 2018	365	1,753	59.54	3.11	$27,180
Aug 2018	416	2,104	59.40	3.07	$31,162
Jul 2018	453	2,218	65.14	2.93	$36,011
Jun 2018	379	1,994	60.18	3.08	$28,944
May 2018	457	2,059	65.38	2.90	$35,851
Apr 2018	458	1,966	63.84	2.90	$34,942
Mar 2018	512	2,030	61.22	2.79	$37,002
Feb 2018	444	1,743	61.78	2.77	$32,252
Jan 2018	524	1,877	62.87	4.01	$40,469
Dec 2017	328	1,446	57.27	2.92	$23,009
Nov 2017	452	1,905	55.42	3.12	$30,990
Oct 2017	389	2,049	49.29	2.98	$25,287
Sep 2017	376	1,926	47.52	3.09	$23,814
Aug 2017	422	2,141	45.37	3.00	$25,579
Jul 2017	399	2,141	43.87	3.09	$24,114
Jun 2017	432	1,838	42.49	3.09	$24,030
May 2017	332	2,188	45.37	3.26	$22,203
Apr 2017	437	1,662	47.93	3.21	$26,283
Mar 2017	341	1,822	46.77	2.98	$21,385
Feb 2017	407	1,806	50.45	2.95	$25,866
Jan 2017	471	2,003	49.41	3.42	$30,120
Dec 2016	460	1,969	48.76	3.72	$29,760
Nov 2016	445	1,816	42.49	2.64	$23,710
Oct 2016	438	2,041	46.19	3.09	$26,538
Sep 2016	410	2,050	41.55	3.10	$23,392
Aug 2016	241	984	41.44	2.92	$12,865
Jul 2016	236	1,694	41.62	2.92	$14,776
Jun 2016	311	1,734	45.35	2.69	$18,761
May 2016	278	1,684	42.52	1.99	$15,173
Apr 2016	324	1,659	36.56	1.99	$15,149
Mar 2016	355	1,744	33.01	1.79	$14,847
Feb 2016	348	1,544	26.47	2.06	$12,398
Jan 2016	397	1,578	27.35	2.36	$14,589
Dec 2015	415	1,376	32.36	2.00	$16,183
Nov 2015	402	1,734	38.79	2.17	$19,352
Oct 2015	434	1,866	43.55	2.43	$23,429
Sep 2015	410	1,836	42.99	2.76	$22,690
Aug 2015	414	1,873	40.16	2.87	$22,006
Jul 2015	395	1,866	48.15	2.95	$24,515
Jun 2015	401	1,764	56.15	2.88	$27,602
May 2015	371	1,781	55.21	2.96	$25,747
Apr 2015	344	1,640	49.82	2.71	$21,577
Mar 2015	351	1,441	42.89	2.93	$19,283
Feb 2015	279	1,140	44.66	2.98	$15,853
Jan 2015	165	1,060	43.43	3.10	$10,453
Dec 2014	275	1,452	54.69	3.59	$20,254
Nov 2014	293	1,236	70.46	4.25	$25,900
Oct 2014	191	1,111	78.30	3.90	$19,289
Sep 2014	220	1,215	86.16	4.05	$23,870
Aug 2014	147	1,189	89.39	4.04	$17,938
Jul 2014	96	1,038	96.56	4.18	$13,608
Jun 2014	50	1,515	98.16	4.74	$12,084
May 2014	19	1,154	94.73	4.73	$7,254
Apr 2014	0	0	95.94	4.81	$0
Mar 2014	0	0	95.89	5.06	$0
Feb 2014	0	0	97.40	6.19	$0
Jan 2014	0	0	90.40	4.86	$0
Dec 2013	0	0	91.82	4.35	$0
Nov 2013	0	0	88.85	3.74	$0
Oct 2013	0	0	97.42	3.78	$0
Sep 2013	0	0	104.11	3.72	$0
Aug 2013	0	0	104.25	3.52	$0
Jul 2013	0	0	102.52	3.72	$0
Jun 2013	0	0	94.40	3.93	$0
May 2013	0	0	94.83	4.15	$0
Apr 2013	0	0	93.96	4.28	$0
Mar 2013	0	0	93.62	3.91	$0
Feb 2013	0	0	91.23	3.42	$0
Jan 2013	0	0	91.60	3.42	$0
Dec 2012	0	0	86.77	3.42	$0
Nov 2012	0	0	86.95	3.62	$0
Oct 2012	0	0	89.38	3.40	$0
Sep 2012	0	0	94.67	2.92	$0
Aug 2012	0	0	92.66	2.91	$0
Jul 2012	0	0	85.13	3.02	$0
Jun 2012	0	0	79.82	2.52	$0
May 2012	0	0	91.61	2.49	$0
Apr 2012	0	0	101.65	2.00	$0
Mar 2012	0	0	105.05	2.22	$0
Feb 2012	0	0	101.10	2.57	$0
Jan 2012	0	0	98.09	2.73	$0
Dec 2011	0	0	96.87	3.24	$0
Nov 2011	0	0	95.72	3.31	$0
Oct 2011	0	0	84.98	3.65	$0
Sep 2011	0	6	83.62	3.99	$24
Aug 2011	78	108	83.40	4.15	$6,953
Jul 2011	32	341	94.14	4.52	$4,553
Jun 2011	17	34	92.90	4.64	$1,737
May 2011	9	0	98.13	4.40	$883
Apr 2011	12	0	105.96	4.33	$1,272
Mar 2011	0	0	96.36	4.06	$0
Feb 2011	8	1	85.64	4.18	$689
Jan 2011	6	23	86.50	4.59	$625
Dec 2010	0	90	85.73	4.35	$391
Nov 2010	0	1	80.84	3.80	$4
Oct 2010	573	2,689	78.10	3.51	$54,187
Sep 2010	1,301	6,558	72.63	3.98	$120,589
Aug 2010	1,581	6,393	73.68	4.42	$144,741
Jul 2010	1,218	7,060	72.55	4.74	$121,806
Jun 2010	1,185	6,689	70.36	4.91	$116,222
May 2010	1,301	6,668	71.12	4.24	$120,768
Apr 2010	959	6,095	81.69	4.12	$103,469
Mar 2010	1,209	6,922	78.39	4.39	$125,152
Feb 2010	1,181	4,922	73.58	5.44	$113,685
Jan 2010	281	627	74.36	5.96	$24,635
Dec 2009	395	5,407	71.44	5.48	$57,869
Nov 2009	908	7,381	74.59	3.75	$95,418
Oct 2009	1,035	6,871	72.54	4.11	$103,320
Sep 2009	1,050	6,182	65.54	3.06	$87,763
Aug 2009	1,573	8,031	67.42	3.22	$131,899
Jul 2009	1,164	5,627	61.13	3.46	$90,650
Jun 2009	1,454	7,094	66.16	3.90	$123,828
May 2009	1,433	7,286	54.74	3.93	$107,045
Apr 2009	735	4,578	46.77	3.59	$50,800
Mar 2009	1,116	6,316	42.14	4.06	$72,665
Feb 2009	1,701	8,241	32.81	4.63	$93,990
Jan 2009	1,474	7,741	35.86	5.37	$94,435
Dec 2008	1,773	7,831	37.10	5.98	$112,585
Nov 2008	1,899	7,588	55.49	6.86	$157,432
Oct 2008	1,259	5,665	75.24	6.92	$133,940
Sep 2008	550	1,490	101.76	7.88	$67,705
Aug 2008	1,088	4,234	114.22	8.48	$160,188
Jul 2008	2,497	10,587	131.08	11.39	$447,887
Jun 2008	2,307	10,647	131.33	13.03	$441,737
May 2008	2,349	11,259	123.17	11.57	$419,641
Apr 2008	2,662	11,404	110.31	10.45	$412,872
Mar 2008	2,433	11,436	101.90	9.66	$358,441
Feb 2008	2,131	10,098	92.53	8.77	$285,747
Jan 2008	2,623	9,118	90.38	8.21	$311,887
Dec 2007	2,123	7,200	88.33	7.30	$240,099
Nov 2007	1,905	5,738	91.67	7.29	$216,471
Oct 2007	1,907	6,054	82.85	6.92	$199,901
Sep 2007	1,269	4,347	75.84	6.24	$123,384
Aug 2007	2,676	10,740	69.06	6.39	$253,411
Jul 2007	3,157	12,945	70.90	6.39	$306,523
Jun 2007	2,977	12,419	62.00	7.55	$278,318
May 2007	3,031	13,539	58.74	7.85	$284,272
Apr 2007	3,280	13,572	59.61	7.81	$301,453
Mar 2007	3,280	13,906	56.92	7.30	$288,239
Feb 2007	2,432	12,358	55.10	8.22	$235,537
Jan 2007	3,752	16,853	50.30	6.73	$302,093
Dec 2006	3,741	13,526	56.65	6.92	$305,506
Nov 2006	4,056	12,853	54.20	7.62	$317,743
Oct 2006	3,916	13,526	54.90	6.01	$296,331
Sep 2006	3,944	12,445	60.08	5.04	$299,643
Aug 2006	3,997	12,766	68.71	7.34	$368,335
Jul 2006	3,790	11,148	69.37	6.34	$333,621
Jun 2006	3,332	8,579	66.28	6.38	$275,612
May 2006	1,910	5,081	66.01	6.42	$158,725
Apr 2006	2,125	5,263	64.39	7.36	$175,567
Mar 2006	1,996	5,508	56.70	7.08	$152,186
Feb 2006	1,719	5,324	57.59	7.75	$140,264
Jan 2006	1,412	5,863	60.59	8.93	$137,929
Dec 2005	3,542	9,868	54.94	13.42	$326,981
Nov 2005	4,244	11,179	54.69	10.59	$350,472
Oct 2005	4,548	10,743	58.34	13.80	$413,538
Sep 2005	4,436	10,245	61.45	12.08	$396,342
Aug 2005	4,466	10,877	61.51	9.80	$381,264
Jul 2005	3,774	10,506	55.69	7.84	$292,579
Jun 2005	4,153	9,607	52.33	7.38	$288,236
May 2005	4,899	9,987	45.22	6.65	$287,958
Apr 2005	3,765	9,145	49.20	7.36	$252,550
Mar 2005	2,748	6,272	50.37	7.15	$183,292
Feb 2005	3,716	9,285	45.22	6.31	$226,644
Jan 2005	4,153	10,185	43.16	6.32	$243,635
Dec 2004	4,153	9,382	39.86	6.75	$228,877
Nov 2004	4,515	6,134	45.28	6.33	$243,270
Oct 2004	4,469	6,330	49.70	6.52	$263,350
Sep 2004	4,124	6,350	43.24	5.28	$211,875
Aug 2004	3,869	6,308	42.37	5.55	$198,943
Jul 2004	3,916	6,353	38.28	6.08	$188,557
Jun 2004	3,379	6,052	36.10	6.43	$160,915
May 2004	4,078	6,347	37.48	6.49	$194,065
Apr 2004	3,469	6,347	34.47	5.86	$156,760
Mar 2004	3,159	3,615	34.36	5.53	$128,535
Feb 2004	3,127	3,269	32.45	5.51	$119,482
Jan 2004	3,196	3,102	32.03	6.30	$121,909
Dec 2003	3,063	3,051	30.26	6.30	$111,913
Nov 2003	2,394	2,596	28.80	4.60	$80,876
Oct 2003	3,104	4,036	28.17	4.76	$106,650
Sep 2003	4,215	4,739	26.31	4.75	$133,404
Aug 2003	4,294	4,826	29.76	5.13	$152,545
Jul 2003	4,758	5,778	29.41	5.17	$169,810
Jun 2003	4,815	3,995	28.56	5.98	$161,418
May 2003	4,135	5,319	26.59	5.97	$141,718
Apr 2003	5,350	7,064	26.67	5.41	$180,882
Mar 2003	4,085	6,281	31.14	6.10	$165,496
Feb 2003	1,612	3,232	33.48	7.93	$79,586
Jan 2003	3,782	6,103	30.31	5.58	$148,700
Dec 2002	3,766	2,573	26.91	4.85	$113,832
Nov 2002	4,238	5,939	24.66	4.14	$129,078
Oct 2002	6,751	6,585	26.46	4.23	$206,480
Sep 2002	6,160	7,755	27.44	3.64	$197,221
Aug 2002	4,656	5,370	25.96	3.16	$137,861
Jul 2002	976	188	24.58	3.06	$24,566
Jun 2002	625	0	23.73	3.34	$14,831
May 2002	622	0	24.66	3.58	$15,339
Apr 2002	387	0	23.65	3.51	$9,153
Mar 2002	118	0	22.00	3.10	$2,596
Feb 2002	48	0	18.22	2.38	$875
Jan 2002	298	405	17.17	2.38	$6,079
Dec 2001	1,389	1,344	16.93	2.36	$26,694
Nov 2001	1,792	1,451	18.07	2.41	$35,872
Oct 2001	887	791	19.78	2.53	$19,545
Sep 2001	2,429	2,699	24.26	2.25	$65,004
Aug 2001	2,735	3,576	24.87	3.05	$78,938
Jul 2001	2,916	4,071	23.93	3.20	$82,795
Jun 2001	4,851	4,796	24.56	3.82	$137,481
May 2001	5,560	5,769	25.52	4.31	$166,740
Apr 2001	6,452	7,088	24.68	5.34	$197,052
Mar 2001	8,832	8,673	24.54	5.38	$263,367
Feb 2001	9,662	8,752	27.75	5.77	$318,594
Jan 2001	11,276	10,819	27.47	8.40	$400,618
Dec 2000	10,515	9,593	26.88	9.12	$370,155
Nov 2000	12,249	9,110	32.21	5.66	$446,085
Oct 2000	13,093	9,764	31.23	5.15	$459,135
Sep 2000	13,730	10,296	31.87	5.19	$490,975
Aug 2000	12,972	10,076	29.64	4.54	$430,243
Jul 2000	8,452	6,427	28.53	4.09	$267,420
Jun 2000	14,698	11,550	29.30	4.40	$481,440
May 2000	16,319	11,765	27.26	3.68	$488,148
Apr 2000	9,902	8,014	24.51	3.12	$267,670
Mar 2000	0	0	28.42	2.86	$0
Feb 2000	0	0	27.62	2.73	$0
Jan 2000	0	0	25.27	2.48	$0
Dec 1999	0	0	24.28	2.42	$0
Nov 1999	0	0	23.19	2.43	$0
Oct 1999	1,098	960	20.98	2.80	$25,728

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

May 2026 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil                  158 bbl  × $106.41 =    $16,813
Casinghead gas     1,426 Mcf  × $  3.05 =     $4,343

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                  $21,156

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 06/O/13987 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.