HAZELWOOD "47"

Name: HAZELWOOD "47" lease production and value, Jan 1993 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by ENDEAVOR ENERGY RESOURCES L.P. (P-5 251726) in the SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 21813District 08Field 85280300OilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$750 k

Jan 1993 – Aug 2023

Value, last 12 filed months

at the published price for each month

Months reported

368

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 16,587 leases and 43,997 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1952-12-22

as the register files it

Field class

Oil and gas

the register's own label

Between wells

0 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 80 acres. The field rule took effect on 2018-02-13.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) FIELD EFFECTIVE 10/1/2019.”

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	33,755 bbl	$643,208
Casinghead gas	Production	61,192 Mcf	$106,433
Total			$749,641

26,426 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 45 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (3)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 32.1569, -101.9119. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.6 miles.

32.15674, -101.91107 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

100.0%

3 of 3 wells

With a plug date

100.0%

3 of 3 wells

Median depth

9,100 ft

3 wells filed one

Completion to plug

25.6 years

median over 1 well

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

3100.0%

A plug date is filed

3100.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

3100.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

00.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

Between 9,100 and 9,420 ft, median 9,100 ft, over the 3 wells that filed a depth.

Completions filed

Jan 1998

1 of 3 wells; 2 filed none

Plug dates filed

Jan 2004 – Aug 2023

3 of 3 wells

Last completion to plug: a median of 25.6 years across the 1 well that filed both dates, with the middle half between 25.6 years and 25.6 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

3 wells


42-31730199	1	9,100 ft	—	Jan 2004	Yes
42-31730232	2	9,100 ft	—	Nov 2007	Yes
42-31734145	3	9,420 ft	Jan 1998	Aug 2023	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (368)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

368 months


Aug 2023	0	0	80.52	2.67	$0
Jul 2023	0	0	74.85	2.64	$0
Jun 2023	0	0	68.96	2.26	$0
May 2023	0	0	70.62	2.23	$0
Apr 2023	0	0	78.12	2.24	$0
Mar 2023	0	0	72.85	2.39	$0
Feb 2023	0	0	75.11	2.47	$0
Jan 2023	0	0	76.53	3.39	$0
Dec 2022	0	0	76.41	5.73	$0
Nov 2022	0	0	85.00	5.65	$0
Oct 2022	0	0	87.18	5.86	$0
Sep 2022	0	0	84.88	8.16	$0
Aug 2022	0	0	94.52	9.13	$0
Jul 2022	0	0	101.58	7.54	$0
Jun 2022	0	0	115.09	7.98	$0
May 2022	0	0	109.37	8.43	$0
Apr 2022	0	0	104.22	6.84	$0
Mar 2022	0	0	108.88	5.08	$0
Feb 2022	0	0	91.05	4.86	$0
Jan 2022	0	0	81.84	4.54	$0
Dec 2021	0	0	71.32	3.90	$0
Nov 2021	0	0	77.43	5.24	$0
Oct 2021	0	0	79.79	5.71	$0
Sep 2021	0	0	69.86	5.35	$0
Aug 2021	0	0	66.02	4.22	$0
Jul 2021	0	0	70.78	3.98	$0
Jun 2021	0	0	69.49	3.38	$0
May 2021	0	0	63.48	3.02	$0
Apr 2021	0	0	60.36	2.76	$0
Mar 2021	0	0	61.30	2.72	$0
Feb 2021	0	0	57.80	5.55	$0
Jan 2021	0	0	50.41	2.81	$0
Dec 2020	0	0	44.64	2.68	$0
Nov 2020	0	0	38.77	2.71	$0
Oct 2020	0	0	36.97	2.48	$0
Sep 2020	0	0	37.09	1.99	$0
Aug 2020	0	0	39.98	2.39	$0
Jul 2020	0	0	38.37	1.83	$0
Jun 2020	0	0	34.90	1.69	$0
May 2020	0	0	16.92	1.81	$0
Apr 2020	0	0	14.75	1.80	$0
Mar 2020	0	0	30.34	1.86	$0
Feb 2020	0	0	49.88	1.98	$0
Jan 2020	0	0	57.25	2.09	$0
Dec 2019	0	0	59.01	2.30	$0
Nov 2019	0	0	55.30	2.75	$0
Oct 2019	0	0	53.47	2.42	$0
Sep 2019	0	0	55.05	2.66	$0
Aug 2019	0	0	53.11	2.30	$0
Jul 2019	0	0	56.27	2.46	$0
Jun 2019	0	0	52.78	2.49	$0
May 2019	0	0	58.48	2.74	$0
Apr 2019	0	0	62.63	2.75	$0
Mar 2019	0	0	56.80	3.06	$0
Feb 2019	0	0	50.85	2.79	$0
Jan 2019	0	0	46.03	3.23	$0
Dec 2018	0	0	46.59	4.19	$0
Nov 2018	0	0	52.93	4.24	$0
Oct 2018	0	0	61.44	3.40	$0
Sep 2018	0	0	59.54	3.11	$0
Aug 2018	0	0	59.40	3.07	$0
Jul 2018	0	0	65.14	2.93	$0
Jun 2018	0	0	60.18	3.08	$0
May 2018	0	0	65.38	2.90	$0
Apr 2018	0	0	63.84	2.90	$0
Mar 2018	0	0	61.22	2.79	$0
Feb 2018	0	0	61.78	2.77	$0
Jan 2018	0	0	62.87	4.01	$0
Dec 2017	0	0	57.27	2.92	$0
Nov 2017	0	0	55.42	3.12	$0
Oct 2017	0	0	49.29	2.98	$0
Sep 2017	0	0	47.52	3.09	$0
Aug 2017	0	0	45.37	3.00	$0
Jul 2017	0	0	43.87	3.09	$0
Jun 2017	0	0	42.49	3.09	$0
May 2017	0	0	45.37	3.26	$0
Apr 2017	0	0	47.93	3.21	$0
Mar 2017	0	0	46.77	2.98	$0
Feb 2017	0	0	50.45	2.95	$0
Jan 2017	0	0	49.41	3.42	$0
Dec 2016	0	0	48.76	3.72	$0
Nov 2016	0	0	42.49	2.64	$0
Oct 2016	0	0	46.19	3.09	$0
Sep 2016	0	0	41.55	3.10	$0
Aug 2016	0	0	41.44	2.92	$0
Jul 2016	0	0	41.62	2.92	$0
Jun 2016	0	0	45.35	2.69	$0
May 2016	0	0	42.52	1.99	$0
Apr 2016	0	0	36.56	1.99	$0
Mar 2016	0	0	33.01	1.79	$0
Feb 2016	0	0	26.47	2.06	$0
Jan 2016	0	0	27.35	2.36	$0
Dec 2015	0	0	32.36	2.00	$0
Nov 2015	0	0	38.79	2.17	$0
Oct 2015	0	0	43.55	2.43	$0
Sep 2015	0	0	42.99	2.76	$0
Aug 2015	0	0	40.16	2.87	$0
Jul 2015	0	0	48.15	2.95	$0
Jun 2015	0	0	56.15	2.88	$0
May 2015	0	0	55.21	2.96	$0
Apr 2015	0	0	49.82	2.71	$0
Mar 2015	0	0	42.89	2.93	$0
Feb 2015	0	0	44.66	2.98	$0
Jan 2015	0	0	43.43	3.10	$0
Dec 2014	0	0	54.69	3.59	$0
Nov 2014	0	0	70.46	4.25	$0
Oct 2014	0	0	78.30	3.90	$0
Sep 2014	0	0	86.16	4.05	$0
Aug 2014	0	0	89.39	4.04	$0
Jul 2014	0	0	96.56	4.18	$0
Jun 2014	0	0	98.16	4.74	$0
May 2014	0	0	94.73	4.73	$0
Apr 2014	0	0	95.94	4.81	$0
Mar 2014	0	0	95.89	5.06	$0
Feb 2014	0	0	97.40	6.19	$0
Jan 2014	0	0	90.40	4.86	$0
Dec 2013	0	0	91.82	4.35	$0
Nov 2013	0	0	88.85	3.74	$0
Oct 2013	0	0	97.42	3.78	$0
Sep 2013	0	0	104.11	3.72	$0
Aug 2013	0	0	104.25	3.52	$0
Jul 2013	0	0	102.52	3.72	$0
Jun 2013	0	0	94.40	3.93	$0
May 2013	0	0	94.83	4.15	$0
Apr 2013	0	0	93.96	4.28	$0
Mar 2013	0	0	93.62	3.91	$0
Feb 2013	0	0	91.23	3.42	$0
Jan 2013	0	0	91.60	3.42	$0
Dec 2012	0	0	86.77	3.42	$0
Nov 2012	0	0	86.95	3.62	$0
Oct 2012	0	0	89.38	3.40	$0
Sep 2012	0	0	94.67	2.92	$0
Aug 2012	0	0	92.66	2.91	$0
Jul 2012	0	0	85.13	3.02	$0
Jun 2012	0	0	79.82	2.52	$0
May 2012	0	0	91.61	2.49	$0
Apr 2012	0	0	101.65	2.00	$0
Mar 2012	0	0	105.05	2.22	$0
Feb 2012	0	0	101.10	2.57	$0
Jan 2012	0	0	98.09	2.73	$0
Dec 2011	0	0	96.87	3.24	$0
Nov 2011	0	0	95.72	3.31	$0
Oct 2011	0	0	84.98	3.65	$0
Sep 2011	0	0	83.62	3.99	$0
Aug 2011	0	0	83.40	4.15	$0
Jul 2011	0	0	94.14	4.52	$0
Jun 2011	0	0	92.90	4.64	$0
May 2011	0	0	98.13	4.40	$0
Apr 2011	0	0	105.96	4.33	$0
Mar 2011	0	0	96.36	4.06	$0
Feb 2011	0	0	85.64	4.18	$0
Jan 2011	0	0	86.50	4.59	$0
Dec 2010	0	0	85.73	4.35	$0
Nov 2010	0	0	80.84	3.80	$0
Oct 2010	0	0	78.10	3.51	$0
Sep 2010	0	0	72.63	3.98	$0
Aug 2010	0	0	73.68	4.42	$0
Jul 2010	0	0	72.55	4.74	$0
Jun 2010	0	0	70.36	4.91	$0
May 2010	0	0	71.12	4.24	$0
Apr 2010	0	0	81.69	4.12	$0
Mar 2010	0	0	78.39	4.39	$0
Feb 2010	0	0	73.58	5.44	$0
Jan 2010	0	0	74.36	5.96	$0
Dec 2009	0	0	71.44	5.48	$0
Nov 2009	0	0	74.59	3.75	$0
Oct 2009	0	0	72.54	4.11	$0
Sep 2009	0	0	65.54	3.06	$0
Aug 2009	0	0	67.42	3.22	$0
Jul 2009	0	0	61.13	3.46	$0
Jun 2009	0	0	66.16	3.90	$0
May 2009	0	0	54.74	3.93	$0
Apr 2009	0	0	46.77	3.59	$0
Mar 2009	0	0	42.14	4.06	$0
Feb 2009	0	0	32.81	4.63	$0
Jan 2009	0	0	35.86	5.37	$0
Dec 2008	0	0	37.10	5.98	$0
Nov 2008	0	0	55.49	6.86	$0
Oct 2008	0	0	75.24	6.92	$0
Sep 2008	0	0	101.76	7.88	$0
Aug 2008	0	0	114.22	8.48	$0
Jul 2008	0	0	131.08	11.39	$0
Jun 2008	0	0	131.33	13.03	$0
May 2008	0	0	123.17	11.57	$0
Apr 2008	0	0	110.31	10.45	$0
Mar 2008	0	0	101.90	9.66	$0
Feb 2008	0	0	92.53	8.77	$0
Jan 2008	0	0	90.38	8.21	$0
Dec 2007	0	0	88.33	7.30	$0
Nov 2007	0	0	91.67	7.29	$0
Oct 2007	0	0	82.85	6.92	$0
Sep 2007	0	0	75.84	6.24	$0
Aug 2007	0	0	69.06	6.39	$0
Jul 2007	0	0	70.90	6.39	$0
Jun 2007	0	0	62.00	7.55	$0
May 2007	0	0	58.74	7.85	$0
Apr 2007	0	0	59.61	7.81	$0
Mar 2007	0	0	56.92	7.30	$0
Feb 2007	0	0	55.10	8.22	$0
Jan 2007	0	0	50.30	6.73	$0
Dec 2006	0	0	56.65	6.92	$0
Nov 2006	0	0	54.20	7.62	$0
Oct 2006	0	0	54.90	6.01	$0
Sep 2006	0	0	60.08	5.04	$0
Aug 2006	0	0	68.71	7.34	$0
Jul 2006	0	0	69.37	6.34	$0
Jun 2006	0	29	66.28	6.38	$185
May 2006	0	29	66.01	6.42	$186
Apr 2006	0	30	64.39	7.36	$221
Mar 2006	0	44	56.70	7.08	$312
Feb 2006	0	0	57.59	7.75	$0
Jan 2006	355	76	60.59	8.93	$22,188
Dec 2005	31	231	54.94	13.42	$4,802
Nov 2005	11	162	54.69	10.59	$2,317
Oct 2005	4	0	58.34	13.80	$233
Sep 2005	0	0	61.45	12.08	$0
Aug 2005	220	0	61.51	9.80	$13,532
Jul 2005	2	101	55.69	7.84	$904
Jun 2005	378	39	52.33	7.38	$20,069
May 2005	2	90	45.22	6.65	$689
Apr 2005	1	47	49.20	7.36	$395
Mar 2005	0	110	50.37	7.15	$787
Feb 2005	0	155	45.22	6.31	$978
Jan 2005	420	196	43.16	6.32	$19,366
Dec 2004	280	205	39.86	6.75	$12,545
Nov 2004	0	244	45.28	6.33	$1,545
Oct 2004	0	261	49.70	6.52	$1,700
Sep 2004	0	249	43.24	5.28	$1,316
Aug 2004	236	255	42.37	5.55	$11,415
Jul 2004	0	282	38.28	6.08	$1,716
Jun 2004	426	372	36.10	6.43	$17,772
May 2004	0	251	37.48	6.49	$1,630
Apr 2004	427	291	34.47	5.86	$16,424
Mar 2004	0	302	34.36	5.53	$1,670
Feb 2004	0	38	32.45	5.51	$209
Jan 2004	0	0	32.03	6.30	$0
Dec 2003	0	0	30.26	6.30	$0
Nov 2003	0	0	28.80	4.60	$0
Oct 2003	0	0	28.17	4.76	$0
Sep 2003	0	0	26.31	4.75	$0
Aug 2003	0	0	29.76	5.13	$0
Jul 2003	0	0	29.41	5.17	$0
Jun 2003	0	0	28.56	5.98	$0
May 2003	0	0	26.59	5.97	$0
Apr 2003	0	0	26.67	5.41	$0
Mar 2003	0	0	31.14	6.10	$0
Feb 2003	0	0	33.48	7.93	$0
Jan 2003	0	0	30.31	5.58	$0
Dec 2002	0	0	26.91	4.85	$0
Nov 2002	0	0	24.66	4.14	$0
Oct 2002	0	0	26.46	4.23	$0
Sep 2002	0	0	27.44	3.64	$0
Aug 2002	0	147	25.96	3.16	$465
Jul 2002	239	233	24.58	3.06	$6,588
Jun 2002	0	147	23.73	3.34	$491
May 2002	0	344	24.66	3.58	$1,233
Apr 2002	0	219	23.65	3.51	$769
Mar 2002	0	90	22.00	3.10	$279
Feb 2002	0	0	18.22	2.38	$0
Jan 2002	0	0	17.17	2.38	$0
Dec 2001	0	0	16.93	2.36	$0
Nov 2001	0	0	18.07	2.41	$0
Oct 2001	0	0	19.78	2.53	$0
Sep 2001	0	0	24.26	2.25	$0
Aug 2001	0	0	24.87	3.05	$0
Jul 2001	0	0	23.93	3.20	$0
Jun 2001	0	0	24.56	3.82	$0
May 2001	0	0	25.52	4.31	$0
Apr 2001	0	4	24.68	5.34	$21
Mar 2001	0	0	24.54	5.38	$0
Feb 2001	0	0	27.75	5.77	$0
Jan 2001	0	0	27.47	8.40	$0
Dec 2000	0	0	26.88	9.12	$0
Nov 2000	0	0	32.21	5.66	$0
Oct 2000	0	0	31.23	5.15	$0
Sep 2000	0	32	31.87	5.19	$166
Aug 2000	357	342	29.64	4.54	$12,134
Jul 2000	784	999	28.53	4.09	$26,453
Jun 2000	472	973	29.30	4.40	$18,108
May 2000	473	1,084	27.26	3.68	$16,883
Apr 2000	472	942	24.51	3.12	$14,504
Mar 2000	472	885	28.42	2.86	$15,945
Feb 2000	477	796	27.62	2.73	$15,345
Jan 2000	471	859	25.27	2.48	$14,033
Dec 1999	468	583	24.28	2.42	$12,776
Nov 1999	469	870	23.19	2.43	$12,994
Oct 1999	894	570	20.98	2.80	$20,354
Sep 1999	471	679	21.75	2.62	$12,022
Aug 1999	464	776	19.26	2.88	$11,168
Jul 1999	693	1,128	17.89	2.37	$15,074
Jun 1999	737	955	15.94	2.36	$14,004
May 1999	367	776	15.79	2.32	$7,596
Apr 1999	676	1,048	15.10	2.21	$12,522
Mar 1999	730	1,039	12.47	1.84	$11,013
Feb 1999	697	725	9.98	1.82	$8,274
Jan 1999	731	571	10.38	1.90	$8,673
Dec 1998	475	1,006	9.20	1.77	$6,154
Nov 1998	951	1,080	10.89	2.19	$12,717
Oct 1998	473	888	12.42	1.97	$7,623
Sep 1998	861	1,358	12.59	2.08	$13,668
Aug 1998	773	817	11.30	1.91	$10,293
Jul 1998	1,199	1,061	11.74	2.24	$16,450
Jun 1998	917	1,594	11.24	2.24	$13,873
May 1998	839	1,847	12.62	2.21	$14,663
Apr 1998	1,784	1,611	13.04	2.51	$27,299
Mar 1998	888	1,077	12.80	2.31	$13,854
Feb 1998	0	494	13.95	2.30	$1,136
Jan 1998	0	28	14.70	2.15	$60
Dec 1997	0	0	16.32	2.41	$0
Nov 1997	0	0	18.19	3.09	$0
Oct 1997	0	0	19.25	3.15	$0
Sep 1997	0	0	17.74	2.95	$0
Aug 1997	0	0	17.86	2.55	$0
Jul 1997	0	0	17.58	2.25	$0
Jun 1997	0	0	17.24	2.26	$0
May 1997	0	0	18.97	2.31	$0
Apr 1997	0	0	17.88	2.08	$0
Mar 1997	0	0	18.95	1.94	$0
Feb 1997	0	0	20.49	2.21	$0
Jan 1997	0	0	23.48	3.54	$0
Dec 1996	0	0	23.32	—	$0
Nov 1996	0	0	21.97	—	$0
Oct 1996	0	1	23.31	—	$0
Sep 1996	327	18	22.22	—	$7,266
Aug 1996	0	207	20.26	—	$0
Jul 1996	0	0	19.55	—	$0
Jun 1996	295	504	18.73	—	$5,525
May 1996	0	543	19.43	—	$0
Apr 1996	0	597	21.51	—	$0
Mar 1996	309	574	19.38	—	$5,988
Feb 1996	425	116	16.98	—	$7,217
Jan 1996	0	558	17.07	—	$0
Dec 1995	314	543	17.19	—	$5,398
Nov 1995	0	544	16.00	—	$0
Oct 1995	388	537	15.43	—	$5,987
Sep 1995	0	541	16.18	—	$0
Aug 1995	411	549	15.92	—	$6,543
Jul 1995	0	589	15.24	—	$0
Jun 1995	308	430	16.41	—	$5,054
May 1995	0	645	17.56	—	$0
Apr 1995	294	570	17.73	—	$5,213
Mar 1995	249	806	16.44	—	$4,094
Feb 1995	304	653	16.58	—	$5,040
Jan 1995	0	568	15.92	—	$0
Dec 1994	246	601	15.03	—	$3,697
Nov 1994	277	586	15.90	—	$4,404
Oct 1994	268	748	15.58	—	$4,175
Sep 1994	231	316	15.29	—	$3,532
Aug 1994	34	405	16.13	—	$548
Jul 1994	315	382	17.56	—	$5,531
Jun 1994	287	546	17.09	—	$4,905
May 1994	278	552	15.88	—	$4,415
Apr 1994	370	820	14.14	—	$5,232
Mar 1994	323	684	12.46	—	$4,025
Feb 1994	0	636	12.50	—	$0
Jan 1994	303	739	12.66	—	$3,836
Dec 1993	327	774	12.33	—	$4,032
Nov 1993	115	764	14.49	—	$1,666
Oct 1993	307	775	15.85	—	$4,866
Sep 1993	280	758	15.03	—	$4,208
Aug 1993	244	814	15.66	—	$3,821
Jul 1993	308	798	15.46	—	$4,762
Jun 1993	332	787	16.79	—	$5,574
May 1993	329	807	17.68	—	$5,817
Apr 1993	449	778	18.05	—	$8,104
Mar 1993	0	798	18.14	—	$0
Feb 1993	463	697	17.90	—	$8,288
Jan 1993	478	768	16.93	—	$8,093

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

Jun 2006 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil                    0 bbl  × $ 66.28 =         $0
Casinghead gas        29 Mcf  × $  6.38 =       $185

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                     $185

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 08/O/21813 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.