REID

Name: REID lease production and value, Jan 1993 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by APACHE CORPORATION (P-5 27200) in the SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 27293District 08Field 85280300NGPA filingOilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$6.0 M

Jan 1993 – Apr 2021

Value, last 12 filed months

at the published price for each month

Months reported

340

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 16,587 leases and 43,997 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1952-12-22

as the register files it

Field class

Oil and gas

the register's own label

Between wells

0 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 80 acres. The field rule took effect on 2018-02-13.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) FIELD EFFECTIVE 10/1/2019.”

Severance-tax incentive filings

Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.

Programme	Filings	With an approval date	Dated	Docket
NGPA	1	none	—	—

This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	80,011 bbl	$5,265,759
Casinghead gas	Production	173,953 Mcf	$732,049
Total			$5,997,808

18,893 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 48 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (3)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 32.1426, -101.8388. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.3 miles.

32.14282, -101.83844 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

100.0%

3 of 3 wells

With a plug date

100.0%

3 of 3 wells

Median depth

10,091 ft

3 wells filed one

Completion to plug

7.9 years

median over 3 wells

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

3100.0%

A plug date is filed

3100.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

3100.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

00.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

Between 8,800 and 10,220 ft, median 10,091 ft, over the 3 wells that filed a depth.

Completions filed

Dec 2007 – May 2018

3 of 3 wells

Plug dates filed

Oct 2016 – May 2023

3 of 3 wells

Last completion to plug: a median of 7.9 years across the 3 wells that filed both dates, with the middle half between 6.5 years and 10.5 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

3 wells


42-31732471	1	8,800 ft	May 2018	May 2023	Yes
42-31735356	4	10,220 ft	Nov 2008	Oct 2016	Yes
42-31734868	2TM	10,091 ft	Dec 2007	Dec 2020	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (340)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

340 months


Apr 2021	0	0	60.36	2.76	$0
Mar 2021	0	0	61.30	2.72	$0
Feb 2021	0	0	57.80	5.55	$0
Jan 2021	0	0	50.41	2.81	$0
Dec 2020	0	0	44.64	2.68	$0
Nov 2020	0	0	38.77	2.71	$0
Oct 2020	0	0	36.97	2.48	$0
Sep 2020	0	0	37.09	1.99	$0
Aug 2020	0	0	39.98	2.39	$0
Jul 2020	0	0	38.37	1.83	$0
Jun 2020	0	0	34.90	1.69	$0
May 2020	0	0	16.92	1.81	$0
Apr 2020	0	0	14.75	1.80	$0
Mar 2020	0	0	30.34	1.86	$0
Feb 2020	0	0	49.88	1.98	$0
Jan 2020	0	0	57.25	2.09	$0
Dec 2019	0	0	59.01	2.30	$0
Nov 2019	0	0	55.30	2.75	$0
Oct 2019	0	0	53.47	2.42	$0
Sep 2019	0	0	55.05	2.66	$0
Aug 2019	0	0	53.11	2.30	$0
Jul 2019	0	0	56.27	2.46	$0
Jun 2019	0	0	52.78	2.49	$0
May 2019	0	0	58.48	2.74	$0
Apr 2019	0	0	62.63	2.75	$0
Mar 2019	0	0	56.80	3.06	$0
Feb 2019	0	0	50.85	2.79	$0
Jan 2019	123	0	46.03	3.23	$5,662
Dec 2018	56	0	46.59	4.19	$2,609
Nov 2018	0	0	52.93	4.24	$0
Oct 2018	0	0	61.44	3.40	$0
Sep 2018	1	0	59.54	3.11	$60
Aug 2018	0	0	59.40	3.07	$0
Jul 2018	209	0	65.14	2.93	$13,614
Jun 2018	1	0	60.18	3.08	$60
May 2018	0	0	65.38	2.90	$0
Apr 2018	0	0	63.84	2.90	$0
Mar 2018	188	44	61.22	2.79	$11,632
Feb 2018	184	304	61.78	2.77	$12,208
Jan 2018	182	511	62.87	4.01	$13,491
Dec 2017	181	285	57.27	2.92	$11,199
Nov 2017	355	319	55.42	3.12	$20,669
Oct 2017	181	329	49.29	2.98	$9,903
Sep 2017	179	333	47.52	3.09	$9,534
Aug 2017	172	371	45.37	3.00	$8,918
Jul 2017	179	606	43.87	3.09	$9,724
Jun 2017	347	633	42.49	3.09	$16,698
May 2017	177	722	45.37	3.26	$10,387
Apr 2017	181	707	47.93	3.21	$10,946
Mar 2017	361	767	46.77	2.98	$19,172
Feb 2017	178	517	50.45	2.95	$10,507
Jan 2017	178	267	49.41	3.42	$9,708
Dec 2016	169	339	48.76	3.72	$9,502
Nov 2016	174	639	42.49	2.64	$9,083
Oct 2016	347	826	46.19	3.09	$18,580
Sep 2016	179	668	41.55	3.10	$9,509
Aug 2016	164	562	41.44	2.92	$8,440
Jul 2016	175	553	41.62	2.92	$8,901
Jun 2016	183	636	45.35	2.69	$10,007
May 2016	189	786	42.52	1.99	$9,601
Apr 2016	347	729	36.56	1.99	$14,138
Mar 2016	369	774	33.01	1.79	$13,569
Feb 2016	186	594	26.47	2.06	$6,149
Jan 2016	0	533	27.35	2.36	$1,260
Dec 2015	181	576	32.36	2.00	$7,010
Nov 2015	347	639	38.79	2.17	$14,845
Oct 2015	185	279	43.55	2.43	$8,734
Sep 2015	184	158	42.99	2.76	$8,346
Aug 2015	174	61	40.16	2.87	$7,163
Jul 2015	184	301	48.15	2.95	$9,746
Jun 2015	352	464	56.15	2.88	$21,102
May 2015	175	748	55.21	2.96	$11,872
Apr 2015	564	662	49.82	2.71	$29,890
Mar 2015	0	750	42.89	2.93	$2,201
Feb 2015	534	765	44.66	2.98	$26,125
Jan 2015	183	815	43.43	3.10	$10,475
Dec 2014	179	786	54.69	3.59	$12,612
Nov 2014	548	809	70.46	4.25	$42,052
Oct 2014	340	919	78.30	3.90	$30,207
Sep 2014	170	813	86.16	4.05	$17,936
Aug 2014	359	925	89.39	4.04	$35,824
Jul 2014	340	957	96.56	4.18	$36,830
Jun 2014	345	872	98.16	4.74	$37,996
May 2014	347	815	94.73	4.73	$36,723
Apr 2014	508	877	95.94	4.81	$52,955
Mar 2014	344	869	95.89	5.06	$37,381
Feb 2014	338	743	97.40	6.19	$37,522
Jan 2014	346	907	90.40	4.86	$35,687
Dec 2013	674	783	91.82	4.35	$65,296
Nov 2013	175	870	88.85	3.74	$18,801
Oct 2013	516	900	97.42	3.78	$53,670
Sep 2013	336	908	104.11	3.72	$38,357
Aug 2013	691	899	104.25	3.52	$75,204
Jul 2013	345	881	102.52	3.72	$38,645
Jun 2013	346	673	94.40	3.93	$35,310
May 2013	682	858	94.83	4.15	$68,234
Apr 2013	345	903	93.96	4.28	$36,283
Mar 2013	523	800	93.62	3.91	$52,094
Feb 2013	787	678	91.23	3.42	$74,117
Jan 2013	482	639	91.60	3.42	$46,337
Dec 2012	347	629	86.77	3.42	$32,260
Nov 2012	342	382	86.95	3.62	$31,122
Oct 2012	344	360	89.38	3.40	$31,971
Sep 2012	686	424	94.67	2.92	$66,181
Aug 2012	344	429	92.66	2.91	$33,123
Jul 2012	344	239	85.13	3.02	$30,007
Jun 2012	851	560	79.82	2.52	$69,337
May 2012	353	628	91.61	2.49	$33,901
Apr 2012	187	581	101.65	2.00	$20,169
Mar 2012	350	490	105.05	2.22	$37,856
Feb 2012	703	698	101.10	2.57	$72,867
Jan 2012	701	918	98.09	2.73	$71,271
Dec 2011	349	548	96.87	3.24	$35,583
Nov 2011	532	145	95.72	3.31	$51,403
Oct 2011	1,055	985	84.98	3.65	$93,248
Sep 2011	3	652	83.62	3.99	$2,850
Aug 2011	354	842	83.40	4.15	$33,017
Jul 2011	692	925	94.14	4.52	$69,323
Jun 2011	348	869	92.90	4.64	$36,361
May 2011	515	1,082	98.13	4.40	$55,303
Apr 2011	690	856	105.96	4.33	$76,822
Mar 2011	345	924	96.36	4.06	$36,993
Feb 2011	517	1,056	85.64	4.18	$48,690
Jan 2011	689	1,151	86.50	4.59	$64,880
Dec 2010	901	1,273	85.73	4.35	$82,777
Nov 2010	348	1,244	80.84	3.80	$32,854
Oct 2010	871	1,395	78.10	3.51	$72,920
Sep 2010	719	1,431	72.63	3.98	$57,916
Aug 2010	694	1,483	73.68	4.42	$57,688
Jul 2010	699	1,493	72.55	4.74	$57,784
Jun 2010	516	1,355	70.36	4.91	$42,959
May 2010	698	1,496	71.12	4.24	$55,978
Apr 2010	697	949	81.69	4.12	$60,850
Mar 2010	870	1,232	78.39	4.39	$73,606
Feb 2010	684	1,242	73.58	5.44	$57,088
Jan 2010	866	1,347	74.36	5.96	$72,429
Dec 2009	694	1,447	71.44	5.48	$57,514
Nov 2009	679	1,432	74.59	3.75	$56,019
Oct 2009	864	1,511	72.54	4.11	$68,885
Sep 2009	871	1,509	65.54	3.06	$61,710
Aug 2009	693	1,757	67.42	3.22	$52,377
Jul 2009	1,199	1,719	61.13	3.46	$79,250
Jun 2009	691	1,728	66.16	3.90	$52,447
May 2009	1,012	1,900	54.74	3.93	$62,856
Apr 2009	1,224	1,873	46.77	3.59	$63,966
Mar 2009	1,564	2,224	42.14	4.06	$74,934
Feb 2009	878	1,570	32.81	4.63	$36,081
Jan 2009	1,250	1,918	35.86	5.37	$55,127
Dec 2008	2,030	2,202	37.10	5.98	$88,475
Nov 2008	352	581	55.49	6.86	$23,518
Oct 2008	524	1,216	75.24	6.92	$47,843
Sep 2008	513	1,065	101.76	7.88	$60,592
Aug 2008	873	1,414	114.22	8.48	$111,709
Jul 2008	1,174	1,268	131.08	11.39	$168,330
Jun 2008	843	1,382	131.33	13.03	$128,722
May 2008	522	1,533	123.17	11.57	$82,038
Apr 2008	1,049	1,505	110.31	10.45	$131,450
Mar 2008	1,196	1,660	101.90	9.66	$137,915
Feb 2008	843	1,195	92.53	8.77	$88,484
Jan 2008	1,317	1,160	90.38	8.21	$128,549
Dec 2007	0	274	88.33	7.30	$2,001
Nov 2007	103	284	91.67	7.29	$11,513
Oct 2007	176	309	82.85	6.92	$16,720
Sep 2007	0	307	75.84	6.24	$1,917
Aug 2007	177	326	69.06	6.39	$14,306
Jul 2007	0	323	70.90	6.39	$2,063
Jun 2007	185	326	62.00	7.55	$13,931
May 2007	0	319	58.74	7.85	$2,503
Apr 2007	0	306	59.61	7.81	$2,388
Mar 2007	171	314	56.92	7.30	$12,026
Feb 2007	0	287	55.10	8.22	$2,358
Jan 2007	168	318	50.30	6.73	$10,590
Dec 2006	0	329	56.65	6.92	$2,276
Nov 2006	170	303	54.20	7.62	$11,522
Oct 2006	0	394	54.90	6.01	$2,369
Sep 2006	167	395	60.08	5.04	$12,023
Aug 2006	0	435	68.71	7.34	$3,193
Jul 2006	169	439	69.37	6.34	$14,508
Jun 2006	167	433	66.28	6.38	$13,833
May 2006	0	370	66.01	6.42	$2,377
Apr 2006	0	394	64.39	7.36	$2,900
Mar 2006	168	395	56.70	7.08	$12,323
Feb 2006	0	353	57.59	7.75	$2,736
Jan 2006	172	387	60.59	8.93	$13,879
Dec 2005	0	381	54.94	13.42	$5,111
Nov 2005	168	392	54.69	10.59	$13,339
Oct 2005	0	416	58.34	13.80	$5,739
Sep 2005	167	355	61.45	12.08	$14,550
Aug 2005	0	402	61.51	9.80	$3,938
Jul 2005	168	417	55.69	7.84	$12,627
Jun 2005	0	401	52.33	7.38	$2,960
May 2005	167	418	45.22	6.65	$10,332
Apr 2005	0	404	49.20	7.36	$2,974
Mar 2005	169	406	50.37	7.15	$11,417
Feb 2005	0	369	45.22	6.31	$2,329
Jan 2005	168	408	43.16	6.32	$9,830
Dec 2004	0	408	39.86	6.75	$2,754
Nov 2004	175	399	45.28	6.33	$10,450
Oct 2004	0	428	49.70	6.52	$2,788
Sep 2004	167	424	43.24	5.28	$9,461
Aug 2004	0	429	42.37	5.55	$2,381
Jul 2004	168	432	38.28	6.08	$9,059
Jun 2004	0	423	36.10	6.43	$2,721
May 2004	155	449	37.48	6.49	$8,725
Apr 2004	167	448	34.47	5.86	$8,381
Mar 2004	0	460	34.36	5.53	$2,544
Feb 2004	168	437	32.45	5.51	$7,859
Jan 2004	167	494	32.03	6.30	$8,461
Dec 2003	0	442	30.26	6.30	$2,785
Nov 2003	165	309	28.80	4.60	$6,172
Oct 2003	0	321	28.17	4.76	$1,528
Sep 2003	170	322	26.31	4.75	$6,002
Aug 2003	0	355	29.76	5.13	$1,821
Jul 2003	181	364	29.41	5.17	$7,205
Jun 2003	0	347	28.56	5.98	$2,076
May 2003	164	374	26.59	5.97	$6,595
Apr 2003	0	350	26.67	5.41	$1,893
Mar 2003	179	344	31.14	6.10	$7,671
Feb 2003	0	268	33.48	7.93	$2,124
Jan 2003	170	267	30.31	5.58	$6,643
Dec 2002	171	269	26.91	4.85	$5,907
Nov 2002	0	259	24.66	4.14	$1,071
Oct 2002	177	299	26.46	4.23	$5,948
Sep 2002	0	312	27.44	3.64	$1,134
Aug 2002	174	347	25.96	3.16	$5,615
Jul 2002	0	354	24.58	3.06	$1,084
Jun 2002	172	336	23.73	3.34	$5,203
May 2002	0	327	24.66	3.58	$1,172
Apr 2002	173	303	23.65	3.51	$5,156
Mar 2002	0	288	22.00	3.10	$894
Feb 2002	167	254	18.22	2.38	$3,646
Jan 2002	182	273	17.17	2.38	$3,774
Dec 2001	0	242	16.93	2.36	$572
Nov 2001	175	255	18.07	2.41	$3,776
Oct 2001	0	262	19.78	2.53	$663
Sep 2001	181	266	24.26	2.25	$4,990
Aug 2001	0	333	24.87	3.05	$1,017
Jul 2001	170	349	23.93	3.20	$5,184
Jun 2001	0	311	24.56	3.82	$1,189
May 2001	179	320	25.52	4.31	$5,946
Apr 2001	0	250	24.68	5.34	$1,334
Mar 2001	177	253	24.54	5.38	$5,704
Feb 2001	0	237	27.75	5.77	$1,367
Jan 2001	183	310	27.47	8.40	$7,631
Dec 2000	182	300	26.88	9.12	$7,629
Nov 2000	0	335	32.21	5.66	$1,895
Oct 2000	172	358	31.23	5.15	$7,214
Sep 2000	0	364	31.87	5.19	$1,888
Aug 2000	185	375	29.64	4.54	$7,186
Jul 2000	170	392	28.53	4.09	$6,453
Jun 2000	0	346	29.30	4.40	$1,521
May 2000	175	319	27.26	3.68	$5,944
Apr 2000	177	322	24.51	3.12	$5,342
Mar 2000	0	318	28.42	2.86	$909
Feb 2000	184	237	27.62	2.73	$5,728
Jan 2000	0	215	25.27	2.48	$533
Dec 1999	182	258	24.28	2.42	$5,044
Nov 1999	189	288	23.19	2.43	$5,084
Oct 1999	0	293	20.98	2.80	$821
Sep 1999	185	282	21.75	2.62	$4,762
Aug 1999	0	294	19.26	2.88	$845
Jul 1999	0	297	17.89	2.37	$705
Jun 1999	186	287	15.94	2.36	$3,643
May 1999	0	307	15.79	2.32	$713
Apr 1999	189	300	15.10	2.21	$3,516
Mar 1999	0	296	12.47	1.84	$544
Feb 1999	0	257	9.98	1.82	$467
Jan 1999	193	254	10.38	1.90	$2,486
Dec 1998	6	337	9.20	1.77	$653
Nov 1998	203	327	10.89	2.19	$2,925
Oct 1998	0	363	12.42	1.97	$715
Sep 1998	189	372	12.59	2.08	$3,154
Aug 1998	0	391	11.30	1.91	$746
Jul 1998	189	398	11.74	2.24	$3,109
Jun 1998	0	376	11.24	2.24	$841
May 1998	185	373	12.62	2.21	$3,158
Apr 1998	0	344	13.04	2.51	$862
Mar 1998	175	337	12.80	2.31	$3,018
Feb 1998	0	273	13.95	2.30	$628
Jan 1998	194	321	14.70	2.15	$3,543
Dec 1997	0	333	16.32	2.41	$803
Nov 1997	192	350	18.19	3.09	$4,573
Oct 1997	0	389	19.25	3.15	$1,225
Sep 1997	191	386	17.74	2.95	$4,529
Aug 1997	0	409	17.86	2.55	$1,045
Jul 1997	183	405	17.58	2.25	$4,127
Jun 1997	190	379	17.24	2.26	$4,131
May 1997	1	393	18.97	2.31	$926
Apr 1997	193	379	17.88	2.08	$4,240
Mar 1997	0	327	18.95	1.94	$634
Feb 1997	199	331	20.49	2.21	$4,808
Jan 1997	0	343	23.48	3.54	$1,214
Dec 1996	196	361	23.32	—	$4,571
Nov 1996	0	366	21.97	—	$0
Oct 1996	194	405	23.31	—	$4,522
Sep 1996	193	416	22.22	—	$4,288
Aug 1996	0	496	20.26	—	$0
Jul 1996	190	462	19.55	—	$3,715
Jun 1996	0	439	18.73	—	$0
May 1996	188	436	19.43	—	$3,653
Apr 1996	0	413	21.51	—	$0
Mar 1996	177	396	19.38	—	$3,430
Feb 1996	181	343	16.98	—	$3,073
Jan 1996	0	343	17.07	—	$0
Dec 1995	179	357	17.19	—	$3,077
Nov 1995	0	365	16.00	—	$0
Oct 1995	178	429	15.43	—	$2,747
Sep 1995	171	400	16.18	—	$2,767
Aug 1995	1	429	15.92	—	$16
Jul 1995	176	424	15.24	—	$2,682
Jun 1995	182	421	16.41	—	$2,987
May 1995	0	420	17.56	—	$0
Apr 1995	183	349	17.73	—	$3,245
Mar 1995	181	372	16.44	—	$2,976
Feb 1995	0	312	16.58	—	$0
Jan 1995	182	330	15.92	—	$2,897
Dec 1994	181	341	15.03	—	$2,720
Nov 1994	1	349	15.90	—	$16
Oct 1994	178	384	15.58	—	$2,773
Sep 1994	176	397	15.29	—	$2,691
Aug 1994	1	438	16.13	—	$16
Jul 1994	168	456	17.56	—	$2,950
Jun 1994	165	430	17.09	—	$2,820
May 1994	0	372	15.88	—	$0
Apr 1994	179	387	14.14	—	$2,531
Mar 1994	181	389	12.46	—	$2,255
Feb 1994	0	338	12.50	—	$0
Jan 1994	182	374	12.66	—	$2,304
Dec 1993	184	381	12.33	—	$2,269
Nov 1993	0	359	14.49	—	$0
Oct 1993	184	391	15.85	—	$2,916
Sep 1993	174	398	15.03	—	$2,615
Aug 1993	0	421	15.66	—	$0
Jul 1993	180	441	15.46	—	$2,783
Jun 1993	174	417	16.79	—	$2,921
May 1993	0	421	17.68	—	$0
Apr 1993	180	386	18.05	—	$3,249
Mar 1993	174	400	18.14	—	$3,156
Feb 1993	0	334	17.90	—	$0
Jan 1993	178	405	16.93	—	$3,014

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

Jan 2019 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil                  123 bbl  × $ 46.03 =     $5,662
Casinghead gas         0 Mcf  × $  3.23 =         $0

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                   $5,662

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 08/O/27293 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.