GLASCOCK

Name: GLASCOCK lease production and value, Jan 1993 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by PIONEER NATURAL RES. USA, INC. (P-5 665748) in the SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 27506District 08Field 85280300NGPA filingOilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$1.4 M

Jan 1993 – Jun 2022

Value, last 12 filed months

$1 k

at the published price for each month

Months reported

354

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 16,587 leases and 43,997 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1952-12-22

as the register files it

Field class

Oil and gas

the register's own label

Between wells

0 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 80 acres. The field rule took effect on 2018-02-13.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) FIELD EFFECTIVE 10/1/2019.”

Severance-tax incentive filings

Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.

Programme	Filings	With an approval date	Dated	Docket
NGPA	1	none	—	—

This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	26,962 bbl	$1,189,060
Casinghead gas	Production	59,971 Mcf	$246,888
Total			$1,435,948

10,817 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 47 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (1)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 32.1375, -101.9554. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.0 miles.

32.13749, -101.95538 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

100.0%

1 of 1 wells

With a plug date

100.0%

1 of 1 wells

Median depth

9,075 ft

1 wells filed one

Completion to plug

39.5 years

median over 1 well

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

1100.0%

A plug date is filed

1100.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

1100.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

00.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

The one well that filed a depth was drilled to 9,075 ft.

Completions filed

Jul 1982

1 of 1 wells

Plug dates filed

Jan 2022

1 of 1 wells

Last completion to plug: a median of 39.5 years across the 1 well that filed both dates, with the middle half between 39.5 years and 39.5 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

1 well


42-31732505	1	9,075 ft	Jul 1982	Jan 2022	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (354)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

354 months


Jun 2022	0	0	115.09	7.98	$0
May 2022	0	0	109.37	8.43	$0
Apr 2022	13	0	104.22	6.84	$1,355
Mar 2022	0	0	108.88	5.08	$0
Feb 2022	0	0	91.05	4.86	$0
Jan 2022	0	0	81.84	4.54	$0
Dec 2021	0	0	71.32	3.90	$0
Nov 2021	0	0	77.43	5.24	$0
Oct 2021	0	0	79.79	5.71	$0
Sep 2021	0	0	69.86	5.35	$0
Aug 2021	0	0	66.02	4.22	$0
Jul 2021	0	0	70.78	3.98	$0
Jun 2021	0	0	69.49	3.38	$0
May 2021	0	0	63.48	3.02	$0
Apr 2021	0	0	60.36	2.76	$0
Mar 2021	0	0	61.30	2.72	$0
Feb 2021	0	0	57.80	5.55	$0
Jan 2021	0	0	50.41	2.81	$0
Dec 2020	0	0	44.64	2.68	$0
Nov 2020	0	0	38.77	2.71	$0
Oct 2020	0	0	36.97	2.48	$0
Sep 2020	0	0	37.09	1.99	$0
Aug 2020	0	0	39.98	2.39	$0
Jul 2020	0	0	38.37	1.83	$0
Jun 2020	0	0	34.90	1.69	$0
May 2020	90	0	16.92	1.81	$1,523
Apr 2020	0	0	14.75	1.80	$0
Mar 2020	0	0	30.34	1.86	$0
Feb 2020	0	0	49.88	1.98	$0
Jan 2020	0	0	57.25	2.09	$0
Dec 2019	0	87	59.01	2.30	$200
Nov 2019	124	84	55.30	2.75	$7,088
Oct 2019	20	67	53.47	2.42	$1,231
Sep 2019	179	0	55.05	2.66	$9,854
Aug 2019	0	0	53.11	2.30	$0
Jul 2019	171	0	56.27	2.46	$9,622
Jun 2019	0	0	52.78	2.49	$0
May 2019	175	0	58.48	2.74	$10,234
Apr 2019	161	10	62.63	2.75	$10,111
Mar 2019	3	31	56.80	3.06	$265
Feb 2019	314	28	50.85	2.79	$16,045
Jan 2019	0	11	46.03	3.23	$36
Dec 2018	158	0	46.59	4.19	$7,361
Nov 2018	0	0	52.93	4.24	$0
Oct 2018	0	0	61.44	3.40	$0
Sep 2018	159	0	59.54	3.11	$9,467
Aug 2018	167	0	59.40	3.07	$9,920
Jul 2018	0	0	65.14	2.93	$0
Jun 2018	153	0	60.18	3.08	$9,208
May 2018	159	0	65.38	2.90	$10,395
Apr 2018	0	0	63.84	2.90	$0
Mar 2018	154	0	61.22	2.79	$9,428
Feb 2018	158	6	61.78	2.77	$9,778
Jan 2018	162	16	62.87	4.01	$10,249
Dec 2017	0	17	57.27	2.92	$50
Nov 2017	160	36	55.42	3.12	$8,979
Oct 2017	156	66	49.29	2.98	$7,886
Sep 2017	119	84	47.52	3.09	$5,914
Aug 2017	124	61	45.37	3.00	$5,809
Jul 2017	125	48	43.87	3.09	$5,632
Jun 2017	1	25	42.49	3.09	$120
May 2017	0	45	45.37	3.26	$147
Apr 2017	168	33	47.93	3.21	$8,158
Mar 2017	0	35	46.77	2.98	$104
Feb 2017	0	20	50.45	2.95	$59
Jan 2017	0	80	49.41	3.42	$274
Dec 2016	181	77	48.76	3.72	$9,112
Nov 2016	2	92	42.49	2.64	$328
Oct 2016	158	85	46.19	3.09	$7,561
Sep 2016	175	102	41.55	3.10	$7,588
Aug 2016	0	135	41.44	2.92	$395
Jul 2016	171	123	41.62	2.92	$7,477
Jun 2016	0	114	45.35	2.69	$306
May 2016	174	120	42.52	1.99	$7,637
Apr 2016	169	111	36.56	1.99	$6,400
Mar 2016	0	113	33.01	1.79	$203
Feb 2016	171	92	26.47	2.06	$4,716
Jan 2016	169	89	27.35	2.36	$4,833
Dec 2015	0	109	32.36	2.00	$218
Nov 2015	168	98	38.79	2.17	$6,729
Oct 2015	0	124	43.55	2.43	$301
Sep 2015	172	131	42.99	2.76	$7,756
Aug 2015	169	138	40.16	2.87	$7,183
Jul 2015	0	145	48.15	2.95	$427
Jun 2015	168	46	56.15	2.88	$9,566
May 2015	0	58	55.21	2.96	$171
Apr 2015	141	0	49.82	2.71	$7,025
Mar 2015	102	7	42.89	2.93	$4,395
Feb 2015	0	17	44.66	2.98	$51
Jan 2015	171	0	43.43	3.10	$7,427
Dec 2014	0	0	54.69	3.59	$0
Nov 2014	0	0	70.46	4.25	$0
Oct 2014	172	0	78.30	3.90	$13,468
Sep 2014	0	0	86.16	4.05	$0
Aug 2014	0	0	89.39	4.04	$0
Jul 2014	159	0	96.56	4.18	$15,353
Jun 2014	0	0	98.16	4.74	$0
May 2014	137	0	94.73	4.73	$12,978
Apr 2014	0	38	95.94	4.81	$183
Mar 2014	133	76	95.89	5.06	$13,138
Feb 2014	0	69	97.40	6.19	$427
Jan 2014	176	70	90.40	4.86	$16,251
Dec 2013	0	128	91.82	4.35	$557
Nov 2013	171	53	88.85	3.74	$15,391
Oct 2013	0	84	97.42	3.78	$317
Sep 2013	0	17	104.11	3.72	$63
Aug 2013	0	0	104.25	3.52	$0
Jul 2013	172	0	102.52	3.72	$17,633
Jun 2013	0	0	94.40	3.93	$0
May 2013	166	16	94.83	4.15	$15,808
Apr 2013	0	46	93.96	4.28	$197
Mar 2013	0	70	93.62	3.91	$274
Feb 2013	173	67	91.23	3.42	$16,012
Jan 2013	0	114	91.60	3.42	$390
Dec 2012	0	104	86.77	3.42	$356
Nov 2012	166	77	86.95	3.62	$14,713
Oct 2012	0	30	89.38	3.40	$102
Sep 2012	0	105	94.67	2.92	$306
Aug 2012	167	80	92.66	2.91	$15,707
Jul 2012	0	110	85.13	3.02	$332
Jun 2012	3	102	79.82	2.52	$496
May 2012	158	103	91.61	2.49	$14,731
Apr 2012	0	122	101.65	2.00	$244
Mar 2012	0	124	105.05	2.22	$276
Feb 2012	150	111	101.10	2.57	$15,450
Jan 2012	0	127	98.09	2.73	$347
Dec 2011	171	139	96.87	3.24	$17,015
Nov 2011	1	91	95.72	3.31	$397
Oct 2011	2	112	84.98	3.65	$579
Sep 2011	165	97	83.62	3.99	$14,184
Aug 2011	1	101	83.40	4.15	$502
Jul 2011	1	135	94.14	4.52	$704
Jun 2011	171	136	92.90	4.64	$16,517
May 2011	2	153	98.13	4.40	$870
Apr 2011	185	138	105.96	4.33	$20,201
Mar 2011	1	80	96.36	4.06	$421
Feb 2011	2	110	85.64	4.18	$631
Jan 2011	3	138	86.50	4.59	$893
Dec 2010	2	165	85.73	4.35	$889
Nov 2010	170	133	80.84	3.80	$14,248
Oct 2010	2	87	78.10	3.51	$461
Sep 2010	2	153	72.63	3.98	$754
Aug 2010	160	167	73.68	4.42	$12,527
Jul 2010	0	166	72.55	4.74	$786
Jun 2010	2	142	70.36	4.91	$838
May 2010	154	149	71.12	4.24	$11,584
Apr 2010	0	166	81.69	4.12	$684
Mar 2010	170	160	78.39	4.39	$14,028
Feb 2010	3	142	73.58	5.44	$994
Jan 2010	1	160	74.36	5.96	$1,029
Dec 2009	169	160	71.44	5.48	$12,951
Nov 2009	4	148	74.59	3.75	$854
Oct 2009	3	166	72.54	4.11	$900
Sep 2009	165	71	65.54	3.06	$11,032
Aug 2009	0	9	67.42	3.22	$29
Jul 2009	0	20	61.13	3.46	$69
Jun 2009	0	12	66.16	3.90	$47
May 2009	1	11	54.74	3.93	$98
Apr 2009	0	7	46.77	3.59	$25
Mar 2009	0	6	42.14	4.06	$24
Feb 2009	169	9	32.81	4.63	$5,587
Jan 2009	0	13	35.86	5.37	$70
Dec 2008	1	17	37.10	5.98	$139
Nov 2008	0	16	55.49	6.86	$110
Oct 2008	0	246	75.24	6.92	$1,703
Sep 2008	0	65	101.76	7.88	$512
Aug 2008	3	193	114.22	8.48	$1,980
Jul 2008	169	340	131.08	11.39	$26,025
Jun 2008	1	328	131.33	13.03	$4,406
May 2008	174	344	123.17	11.57	$25,413
Apr 2008	0	251	110.31	10.45	$2,624
Mar 2008	178	289	101.90	9.66	$20,931
Feb 2008	0	326	92.53	8.77	$2,859
Jan 2008	175	276	90.38	8.21	$18,081
Dec 2007	1	298	88.33	7.30	$2,264
Nov 2007	178	314	91.67	7.29	$18,607
Oct 2007	0	378	82.85	6.92	$2,617
Sep 2007	172	309	75.84	6.24	$14,974
Aug 2007	0	358	69.06	6.39	$2,287
Jul 2007	177	302	70.90	6.39	$14,478
Jun 2007	0	294	62.00	7.55	$2,219
May 2007	179	376	58.74	7.85	$13,465
Apr 2007	0	355	59.61	7.81	$2,771
Mar 2007	179	358	56.92	7.30	$12,803
Feb 2007	0	294	55.10	8.22	$2,416
Jan 2007	179	301	50.30	6.73	$11,028
Dec 2006	0	313	56.65	6.92	$2,165
Nov 2006	178	294	54.20	7.62	$11,887
Oct 2006	3	371	54.90	6.01	$2,396
Sep 2006	175	353	60.08	5.04	$12,292
Aug 2006	0	290	68.71	7.34	$2,129
Jul 2006	175	360	69.37	6.34	$14,423
Jun 2006	0	371	66.28	6.38	$2,368
May 2006	174	381	66.01	6.42	$13,934
Apr 2006	0	346	64.39	7.36	$2,547
Mar 2006	172	349	56.70	7.08	$12,224
Feb 2006	2	306	57.59	7.75	$2,487
Jan 2006	179	301	60.59	8.93	$13,535
Dec 2005	179	90	54.94	13.42	$11,042
Nov 2005	1	124	54.69	10.59	$1,368
Oct 2005	1	69	58.34	13.80	$1,010
Sep 2005	178	126	61.45	12.08	$12,460
Aug 2005	0	267	61.51	9.80	$2,616
Jul 2005	173	365	55.69	7.84	$12,497
Jun 2005	0	344	52.33	7.38	$2,539
May 2005	176	350	45.22	6.65	$10,287
Apr 2005	0	334	49.20	7.36	$2,458
Mar 2005	172	318	50.37	7.15	$10,939
Feb 2005	0	268	45.22	6.31	$1,692
Jan 2005	179	308	43.16	6.32	$9,673
Dec 2004	0	210	39.86	6.75	$1,418
Nov 2004	172	289	45.28	6.33	$9,618
Oct 2004	0	328	49.70	6.52	$2,137
Sep 2004	176	299	43.24	5.28	$9,190
Aug 2004	0	355	42.37	5.55	$1,970
Jul 2004	178	347	38.28	6.08	$8,925
Jun 2004	0	328	36.10	6.43	$2,110
May 2004	168	379	37.48	6.49	$8,758
Apr 2004	0	359	34.47	5.86	$2,103
Mar 2004	174	375	34.36	5.53	$8,052
Feb 2004	0	334	32.45	5.51	$1,840
Jan 2004	174	335	32.03	6.30	$7,684
Dec 2003	0	336	30.26	6.30	$2,117
Nov 2003	174	353	28.80	4.60	$6,633
Oct 2003	0	386	28.17	4.76	$1,837
Sep 2003	170	335	26.31	4.75	$6,064
Aug 2003	182	368	29.76	5.13	$7,304
Jul 2003	0	367	29.41	5.17	$1,898
Jun 2003	181	295	28.56	5.98	$6,934
May 2003	0	388	26.59	5.97	$2,317
Apr 2003	182	314	26.67	5.41	$6,552
Mar 2003	0	347	31.14	6.10	$2,115
Feb 2003	182	251	33.48	7.93	$8,083
Jan 2003	0	292	30.31	5.58	$1,630
Dec 2002	183	289	26.91	4.85	$6,327
Nov 2002	0	309	24.66	4.14	$1,278
Oct 2002	181	275	26.46	4.23	$5,952
Sep 2002	0	160	27.44	3.64	$582
Aug 2002	179	72	25.96	3.16	$4,875
Jul 2002	0	88	24.58	3.06	$269
Jun 2002	182	195	23.73	3.34	$4,970
May 2002	0	281	24.66	3.58	$1,007
Apr 2002	178	276	23.65	3.51	$5,179
Mar 2002	0	271	22.00	3.10	$841
Feb 2002	184	238	18.22	2.38	$3,918
Jan 2002	0	290	17.17	2.38	$689
Dec 2001	170	311	16.93	2.36	$3,613
Nov 2001	183	291	18.07	2.41	$4,007
Oct 2001	0	269	19.78	2.53	$680
Sep 2001	179	243	24.26	2.25	$4,890
Aug 2001	0	268	24.87	3.05	$818
Jul 2001	179	394	23.93	3.20	$5,543
Jun 2001	181	311	24.56	3.82	$5,635
May 2001	2	355	25.52	4.31	$1,580
Apr 2001	0	356	24.68	5.34	$1,899
Mar 2001	176	386	24.54	5.38	$6,394
Feb 2001	0	280	27.75	5.77	$1,615
Jan 2001	152	334	27.47	8.40	$6,981
Dec 2000	150	314	26.88	9.12	$6,896
Nov 2000	0	314	32.21	5.66	$1,777
Oct 2000	168	360	31.23	5.15	$7,099
Sep 2000	181	349	31.87	5.19	$7,579
Aug 2000	176	372	29.64	4.54	$6,906
Jul 2000	0	354	28.53	4.09	$1,448
Jun 2000	0	369	29.30	4.40	$1,623
May 2000	126	368	27.26	3.68	$4,789
Apr 2000	178	359	24.51	3.12	$5,481
Mar 2000	165	326	28.42	2.86	$5,622
Feb 2000	0	320	27.62	2.73	$872
Jan 2000	185	319	25.27	2.48	$5,466
Dec 1999	185	297	24.28	2.42	$5,212
Nov 1999	0	308	23.19	2.43	$750
Oct 1999	187	313	20.98	2.80	$4,801
Sep 1999	0	348	21.75	2.62	$911
Aug 1999	151	358	19.26	2.88	$3,938
Jul 1999	180	339	17.89	2.37	$4,024
Jun 1999	181	378	15.94	2.36	$3,778
May 1999	0	281	15.79	2.32	$652
Apr 1999	174	243	15.10	2.21	$3,164
Mar 1999	0	192	12.47	1.84	$353
Feb 1999	363	363	9.98	1.82	$4,283
Jan 1999	0	0	10.38	1.90	$0
Dec 1998	0	236	9.20	1.77	$419
Nov 1998	0	112	10.89	2.19	$245
Oct 1998	0	213	12.42	1.97	$419
Sep 1998	157	282	12.59	2.08	$2,564
Aug 1998	173	254	11.30	1.91	$2,439
Jul 1998	109	155	11.74	2.24	$1,626
Jun 1998	107	245	11.24	2.24	$1,751
May 1998	0	216	12.62	2.21	$477
Apr 1998	180	168	13.04	2.51	$2,768
Mar 1998	0	175	12.80	2.31	$404
Feb 1998	0	156	13.95	2.30	$359
Jan 1998	172	165	14.70	2.15	$2,884
Dec 1997	176	133	16.32	2.41	$3,193
Nov 1997	176	211	18.19	3.09	$3,853
Oct 1997	0	221	19.25	3.15	$696
Sep 1997	173	214	17.74	2.95	$3,701
Aug 1997	0	200	17.86	2.55	$511
Jul 1997	163	194	17.58	2.25	$3,301
Jun 1997	179	213	17.24	2.26	$3,567
May 1997	0	169	18.97	2.31	$390
Apr 1997	181	178	17.88	2.08	$3,607
Mar 1997	0	141	18.95	1.94	$273
Feb 1997	176	142	20.49	2.21	$3,919
Jan 1997	180	168	23.48	3.54	$4,821
Dec 1996	0	185	23.32	—	$0
Nov 1996	159	182	21.97	—	$3,493
Oct 1996	358	173	23.31	—	$8,345
Sep 1996	1	185	22.22	—	$22
Aug 1996	0	208	20.26	—	$0
Jul 1996	180	197	19.55	—	$3,519
Jun 1996	178	180	18.73	—	$3,334
May 1996	0	173	19.43	—	$0
Apr 1996	171	170	21.51	—	$3,678
Mar 1996	175	206	19.38	—	$3,392
Feb 1996	182	194	16.98	—	$3,090
Jan 1996	183	203	17.07	—	$3,124
Dec 1995	180	241	17.19	—	$3,094
Nov 1995	181	237	16.00	—	$2,896
Oct 1995	181	243	15.43	—	$2,793
Sep 1995	0	198	16.18	—	$0
Aug 1995	355	228	15.92	—	$5,652
Jul 1995	177	316	15.24	—	$2,697
Jun 1995	176	572	16.41	—	$2,888
May 1995	74	0	17.56	—	$1,299
Apr 1995	0	96	17.73	—	$0
Mar 1995	0	103	16.44	—	$0
Feb 1995	0	89	16.58	—	$0
Jan 1995	0	36	15.92	—	$0
Dec 1994	0	11	15.03	—	$0
Nov 1994	0	33	15.90	—	$0
Oct 1994	0	46	15.58	—	$0
Sep 1994	0	51	15.29	—	$0
Aug 1994	0	118	16.13	—	$0
Jul 1994	0	147	17.56	—	$0
Jun 1994	0	97	17.09	—	$0
May 1994	0	143	15.88	—	$0
Apr 1994	0	85	14.14	—	$0
Mar 1994	0	101	12.46	—	$0
Feb 1994	0	150	12.50	—	$0
Jan 1994	0	96	12.66	—	$0
Dec 1993	0	182	12.33	—	$0
Nov 1993	0	208	14.49	—	$0
Oct 1993	0	233	15.85	—	$0
Sep 1993	0	244	15.03	—	$0
Aug 1993	0	312	15.66	—	$0
Jul 1993	0	566	15.46	—	$0
Jun 1993	178	657	16.79	—	$2,989
May 1993	174	689	17.68	—	$3,076
Apr 1993	169	591	18.05	—	$3,050
Mar 1993	0	375	18.14	—	$0
Feb 1993	178	472	17.90	—	$3,186
Jan 1993	176	595	16.93	—	$2,980

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

Apr 2022 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil                   13 bbl  × $104.22 =     $1,355
Casinghead gas         0 Mcf  × $  6.84 =         $0

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                   $1,355

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 08/O/27506 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.