UNIVERSITY -1829-

Name: UNIVERSITY -1829- lease production and value, Jan 1993 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by KERR-MCGEE OIL & GAS ONSHORE LP (P-5 457807) in the QUITO, EAST (CHERRY CANYON) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 28468District 08Field 73927345NGPA filingOilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$8.4 M

Jan 1993 – Aug 2019

Value, last 12 filed months

at the published price for each month

Months reported

320

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The QUITO, EAST (CHERRY CANYON) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 30 leases and 37 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1981-12-17

as the register files it

Field class

Oil and gas

the register's own label

Between wells

1,867 ft

minimum

From a lease line

933 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 160 acres. The field rule took effect on 1984-09-10.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “ALLOCATION FORMULA SUSPENDED 4/1/95 PER COMPLETED AOF SURVEY”

Severance-tax incentive filings

Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.

Programme	Filings	With an approval date	Dated	Docket
NGPA	1	none	—	—

This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	182,240 bbl	$5,426,272
Casinghead gas	Production	1,117,274 Mcf	$2,971,879
Total			$8,398,151

454,676 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 48 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (3)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 31.5723, -103.2774. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.8 miles.

31.57203, -103.27823 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

100.0%

3 of 3 wells

With a plug date

100.0%

3 of 3 wells

Median depth

6,850 ft

3 wells filed one

Completion to plug

26.7 years

median over 3 wells

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

3100.0%

A plug date is filed

3100.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

3100.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

00.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

Between 6,850 and 6,850 ft, median 6,850 ft, over the 3 wells that filed a depth.

Completions filed

Apr 1985 – Feb 1998

3 of 3 wells

Plug dates filed

Nov 2013 – Oct 2017

3 of 3 wells

Last completion to plug: a median of 26.7 years across the 3 wells that filed both dates, with the middle half between 21.3 years and 27.7 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

3 wells


42-47533566	8	6,850 ft	Feb 1998	Nov 2013	Yes
42-47532555	6	6,850 ft	Feb 1991	Oct 2017	Yes
42-47532955	10	6,850 ft	Apr 1985	Nov 2013	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (320)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

320 months


Aug 2019	0	0	53.11	2.30	$0
Jul 2019	0	0	56.27	2.46	$0
Jun 2019	0	0	52.78	2.49	$0
May 2019	0	0	58.48	2.74	$0
Apr 2019	0	0	62.63	2.75	$0
Mar 2019	0	0	56.80	3.06	$0
Feb 2019	0	0	50.85	2.79	$0
Jan 2019	0	0	46.03	3.23	$0
Dec 2018	0	0	46.59	4.19	$0
Nov 2018	0	0	52.93	4.24	$0
Oct 2018	0	0	61.44	3.40	$0
Sep 2018	0	0	59.54	3.11	$0
Aug 2018	0	0	59.40	3.07	$0
Jul 2018	0	0	65.14	2.93	$0
Jun 2018	0	0	60.18	3.08	$0
May 2018	0	0	65.38	2.90	$0
Apr 2018	0	0	63.84	2.90	$0
Mar 2018	0	0	61.22	2.79	$0
Feb 2018	0	0	61.78	2.77	$0
Jan 2018	0	0	62.87	4.01	$0
Dec 2017	0	0	57.27	2.92	$0
Nov 2017	0	0	55.42	3.12	$0
Oct 2017	0	0	49.29	2.98	$0
Sep 2017	0	0	47.52	3.09	$0
Aug 2017	0	0	45.37	3.00	$0
Jul 2017	0	0	43.87	3.09	$0
Jun 2017	0	0	42.49	3.09	$0
May 2017	0	0	45.37	3.26	$0
Apr 2017	0	0	47.93	3.21	$0
Mar 2017	0	0	46.77	2.98	$0
Feb 2017	0	0	50.45	2.95	$0
Jan 2017	0	0	49.41	3.42	$0
Dec 2016	0	0	48.76	3.72	$0
Nov 2016	0	0	42.49	2.64	$0
Oct 2016	0	0	46.19	3.09	$0
Sep 2016	0	0	41.55	3.10	$0
Aug 2016	0	0	41.44	2.92	$0
Jul 2016	0	0	41.62	2.92	$0
Jun 2016	0	0	45.35	2.69	$0
May 2016	0	0	42.52	1.99	$0
Apr 2016	0	0	36.56	1.99	$0
Mar 2016	0	0	33.01	1.79	$0
Feb 2016	0	0	26.47	2.06	$0
Jan 2016	0	0	27.35	2.36	$0
Dec 2015	0	0	32.36	2.00	$0
Nov 2015	0	0	38.79	2.17	$0
Oct 2015	0	0	43.55	2.43	$0
Sep 2015	0	0	42.99	2.76	$0
Aug 2015	0	0	40.16	2.87	$0
Jul 2015	0	0	48.15	2.95	$0
Jun 2015	0	0	56.15	2.88	$0
May 2015	0	0	55.21	2.96	$0
Apr 2015	0	0	49.82	2.71	$0
Mar 2015	0	0	42.89	2.93	$0
Feb 2015	0	0	44.66	2.98	$0
Jan 2015	0	0	43.43	3.10	$0
Dec 2014	0	0	54.69	3.59	$0
Nov 2014	0	0	70.46	4.25	$0
Oct 2014	0	0	78.30	3.90	$0
Sep 2014	0	0	86.16	4.05	$0
Aug 2014	0	0	89.39	4.04	$0
Jul 2014	0	0	96.56	4.18	$0
Jun 2014	0	0	98.16	4.74	$0
May 2014	0	0	94.73	4.73	$0
Apr 2014	0	3	95.94	4.81	$14
Mar 2014	0	6	95.89	5.06	$30
Feb 2014	0	40	97.40	6.19	$248
Jan 2014	0	66	90.40	4.86	$321
Dec 2013	0	54	91.82	4.35	$235
Nov 2013	0	1	88.85	3.74	$4
Oct 2013	0	0	97.42	3.78	$0
Sep 2013	0	0	104.11	3.72	$0
Aug 2013	0	0	104.25	3.52	$0
Jul 2013	0	0	102.52	3.72	$0
Jun 2013	0	0	94.40	3.93	$0
May 2013	0	0	94.83	4.15	$0
Apr 2013	0	0	93.96	4.28	$0
Mar 2013	0	0	93.62	3.91	$0
Feb 2013	0	0	91.23	3.42	$0
Jan 2013	0	0	91.60	3.42	$0
Dec 2012	0	0	86.77	3.42	$0
Nov 2012	0	0	86.95	3.62	$0
Oct 2012	0	0	89.38	3.40	$0
Sep 2012	0	0	94.67	2.92	$0
Aug 2012	0	0	92.66	2.91	$0
Jul 2012	0	0	85.13	3.02	$0
Jun 2012	0	12	79.82	2.52	$30
May 2012	0	0	91.61	2.49	$0
Apr 2012	0	0	101.65	2.00	$0
Mar 2012	0	12	105.05	2.22	$27
Feb 2012	0	0	101.10	2.57	$0
Jan 2012	0	1	98.09	2.73	$3
Dec 2011	0	5	96.87	3.24	$16
Nov 2011	0	85	95.72	3.31	$281
Oct 2011	0	31	84.98	3.65	$113
Sep 2011	0	626	83.62	3.99	$2,495
Aug 2011	91	0	83.40	4.15	$7,589
Jul 2011	0	254	94.14	4.52	$1,147
Jun 2011	139	291	92.90	4.64	$14,263
May 2011	142	705	98.13	4.40	$17,040
Apr 2011	65	806	105.96	4.33	$10,380
Mar 2011	0	881	96.36	4.06	$3,575
Feb 2011	127	698	85.64	4.18	$13,794
Jan 2011	85	982	86.50	4.59	$11,859
Dec 2010	420	2,206	85.73	4.35	$45,598
Nov 2010	294	2,063	80.84	3.80	$31,597
Oct 2010	401	2,187	78.10	3.51	$38,992
Sep 2010	282	2,466	72.63	3.98	$30,295
Aug 2010	293	2,743	73.68	4.42	$33,711
Jul 2010	280	1,171	72.55	4.74	$25,860
Jun 2010	411	2,217	70.36	4.91	$39,804
May 2010	246	2,204	71.12	4.24	$26,830
Apr 2010	254	1,870	81.69	4.12	$28,459
Mar 2010	184	2,135	78.39	4.39	$23,794
Feb 2010	189	1,447	73.58	5.44	$21,782
Jan 2010	205	1,631	74.36	5.96	$24,971
Dec 2009	208	1,700	71.44	5.48	$24,182
Nov 2009	212	1,817	74.59	3.75	$22,630
Oct 2009	221	1,807	72.54	4.11	$23,459
Sep 2009	268	1,782	65.54	3.06	$23,026
Aug 2009	243	1,707	67.42	3.22	$21,877
Jul 2009	239	1,596	61.13	3.46	$20,139
Jun 2009	246	1,804	66.16	3.90	$23,302
May 2009	260	1,873	54.74	3.93	$21,585
Apr 2009	226	1,563	46.77	3.59	$16,177
Mar 2009	211	1,605	42.14	4.06	$15,406
Feb 2009	216	1,502	32.81	4.63	$14,046
Jan 2009	282	1,854	35.86	5.37	$20,070
Dec 2008	252	1,926	37.10	5.98	$20,861
Nov 2008	246	2,075	55.49	6.86	$27,886
Oct 2008	244	2,079	75.24	6.92	$32,749
Sep 2008	283	2,057	101.76	7.88	$45,001
Aug 2008	288	2,163	114.22	8.48	$51,244
Jul 2008	186	2,163	131.08	11.39	$49,016
Jun 2008	291	2,440	131.33	13.03	$70,017
May 2008	342	2,521	123.17	11.57	$71,303
Apr 2008	556	2,933	110.31	10.45	$91,996
Mar 2008	636	3,643	101.90	9.66	$100,015
Feb 2008	704	3,826	92.53	8.77	$98,697
Jan 2008	1,021	4,607	90.38	8.21	$130,082
Dec 2007	1,268	4,645	88.33	7.30	$145,920
Nov 2007	658	3,360	91.67	7.29	$84,819
Oct 2007	803	3,960	82.85	6.92	$93,940
Sep 2007	750	2,992	75.84	6.24	$75,563
Aug 2007	489	2,282	69.06	6.39	$48,348
Jul 2007	463	2,597	70.90	6.39	$49,416
Jun 2007	40	185	62.00	7.55	$3,876
May 2007	328	1,405	58.74	7.85	$30,291
Apr 2007	684	3,018	59.61	7.81	$64,329
Mar 2007	935	3,968	56.92	7.30	$82,194
Feb 2007	898	2,850	55.10	8.22	$72,895
Jan 2007	1,097	3,993	50.30	6.73	$82,039
Dec 2006	1,091	4,165	56.65	6.92	$90,620
Nov 2006	1,045	4,407	54.20	7.62	$90,209
Oct 2006	1,101	4,608	54.90	6.01	$88,156
Sep 2006	948	4,318	60.08	5.04	$78,706
Aug 2006	994	5,071	68.71	7.34	$105,518
Jul 2006	737	4,441	69.37	6.34	$79,294
Jun 2006	317	3,805	66.28	6.38	$45,301
May 2006	263	3,554	66.01	6.42	$40,195
Apr 2006	470	4,407	64.39	7.36	$62,701
Mar 2006	748	5,086	56.70	7.08	$78,435
Feb 2006	775	4,158	57.59	7.75	$76,861
Jan 2006	696	4,596	60.59	8.93	$83,228
Dec 2005	568	2,492	54.94	13.42	$64,637
Nov 2005	600	2,559	54.69	10.59	$59,910
Oct 2005	253	1,077	58.34	13.80	$29,618
Sep 2005	552	1,794	61.45	12.08	$55,590
Aug 2005	865	3,036	61.51	9.80	$82,949
Jul 2005	634	3,467	55.69	7.84	$62,501
Jun 2005	823	4,122	52.33	7.38	$73,492
May 2005	697	4,610	45.22	6.65	$62,180
Apr 2005	735	4,503	49.20	7.36	$69,306
Mar 2005	909	4,907	50.37	7.15	$80,895
Feb 2005	912	4,189	45.22	6.31	$67,681
Jan 2005	1,033	4,339	43.16	6.32	$72,016
Dec 2004	903	4,153	39.86	6.75	$64,031
Nov 2004	890	294	45.28	6.33	$42,160
Oct 2004	740	3,566	49.70	6.52	$60,011
Sep 2004	565	2,838	43.24	5.28	$39,426
Aug 2004	651	3,448	42.37	5.55	$46,722
Jul 2004	590	3,146	38.28	6.08	$41,726
Jun 2004	717	3,578	36.10	6.43	$48,901
May 2004	768	3,486	37.48	6.49	$51,425
Apr 2004	761	3,273	34.47	5.86	$45,406
Mar 2004	875	3,553	34.36	5.53	$49,714
Feb 2004	805	3,451	32.45	5.51	$45,136
Jan 2004	887	3,565	32.03	6.30	$50,869
Dec 2003	826	3,551	30.26	6.30	$47,372
Nov 2003	997	3,699	28.80	4.60	$45,711
Oct 2003	944	3,688	28.17	4.76	$44,146
Sep 2003	893	3,507	26.31	4.75	$40,151
Aug 2003	875	3,756	29.76	5.13	$45,307
Jul 2003	896	3,860	29.41	5.17	$46,311
Jun 2003	823	3,928	28.56	5.98	$47,006
May 2003	853	3,832	26.59	5.97	$45,569
Apr 2003	800	3,764	26.67	5.41	$41,689
Mar 2003	955	3,992	31.14	6.10	$54,074
Feb 2003	675	3,600	33.48	7.93	$51,132
Jan 2003	787	4,070	30.31	5.58	$46,573
Dec 2002	876	4,367	26.91	4.85	$44,770
Nov 2002	888	4,370	24.66	4.14	$39,977
Oct 2002	951	4,620	26.46	4.23	$44,702
Sep 2002	780	4,197	27.44	3.64	$36,660
Aug 2002	668	4,002	25.96	3.16	$30,004
Jul 2002	812	4,506	24.58	3.06	$33,755
Jun 2002	777	4,600	23.73	3.34	$33,794
May 2002	977	4,064	24.66	3.58	$38,658
Apr 2002	740	3,987	23.65	3.51	$31,505
Mar 2002	966	4,616	22.00	3.10	$35,574
Feb 2002	1,230	4,178	18.22	2.38	$32,336
Jan 2002	1,349	4,831	17.17	2.38	$34,639
Dec 2001	1,317	3,924	16.93	2.36	$31,575
Nov 2001	970	3,066	18.07	2.41	$24,903
Oct 2001	1,059	2,969	19.78	2.53	$28,455
Sep 2001	529	2,912	24.26	2.25	$19,389
Aug 2001	684	2,699	24.87	3.05	$25,252
Jul 2001	372	1,597	23.93	3.20	$14,008
Jun 2001	494	2,469	24.56	3.82	$21,574
May 2001	681	2,577	25.52	4.31	$28,479
Apr 2001	765	2,590	24.68	5.34	$32,699
Mar 2001	592	1,840	24.54	5.38	$24,420
Feb 2001	327	2,563	27.75	5.77	$23,855
Jan 2001	460	2,278	27.47	8.40	$31,769
Dec 2000	532	2,015	26.88	9.12	$32,682
Nov 2000	435	2,183	32.21	5.66	$26,363
Oct 2000	403	2,231	31.23	5.15	$24,065
Sep 2000	515	2,470	31.87	5.19	$29,224
Aug 2000	515	2,377	29.64	4.54	$26,058
Jul 2000	462	3,093	28.53	4.09	$25,830
Jun 2000	408	2,477	29.30	4.40	$22,846
May 2000	386	2,315	27.26	3.68	$19,041
Apr 2000	497	2,689	24.51	3.12	$20,560
Mar 2000	557	3,160	28.42	2.86	$24,867
Feb 2000	698	4,050	27.62	2.73	$30,321
Jan 2000	894	4,476	25.27	2.48	$33,694
Dec 1999	566	3,935	24.28	2.42	$23,280
Nov 1999	485	2,269	23.19	2.43	$16,770
Oct 1999	539	2,308	20.98	2.80	$17,779
Sep 1999	618	3,467	21.75	2.62	$22,521
Aug 1999	839	4,516	19.26	2.88	$29,145
Jul 1999	886	5,117	17.89	2.37	$27,990
Jun 1999	608	5,055	15.94	2.36	$21,632
May 1999	861	6,614	15.79	2.32	$28,946
Apr 1999	1,095	7,391	15.10	2.21	$32,854
Mar 1999	1,264	4,903	12.47	1.84	$24,775
Feb 1999	1,022	3,537	9.98	1.82	$16,629
Jan 1999	1,196	5,384	10.38	1.90	$22,644
Dec 1998	1,190	5,814	9.20	1.77	$21,258
Nov 1998	1,143	6,994	10.89	2.19	$27,734
Oct 1998	1,124	7,326	12.42	1.97	$28,387
Sep 1998	1,087	7,945	12.59	2.08	$30,232
Aug 1998	1,249	9,590	11.30	1.91	$32,405
Jul 1998	1,256	11,080	11.74	2.24	$39,534
Jun 1998	1,264	12,560	11.24	2.24	$42,307
May 1998	1,154	16,313	12.62	2.21	$50,556
Apr 1998	1,164	15,795	13.04	2.51	$54,750
Mar 1998	1,252	28,679	12.80	2.31	$82,258
Feb 1998	878	13,692	13.95	2.30	$43,728
Jan 1998	1,056	4,620	14.70	2.15	$25,478
Dec 1997	567	3,027	16.32	2.41	$16,552
Nov 1997	1,133	4,114	18.19	3.09	$33,314
Oct 1997	964	4,955	19.25	3.15	$34,164
Sep 1997	1,051	4,925	17.74	2.95	$33,198
Aug 1997	1,017	4,671	17.86	2.55	$30,097
Jul 1997	683	4,494	17.58	2.25	$22,105
Jun 1997	885	5,161	17.24	2.26	$26,907
May 1997	930	4,991	18.97	2.31	$29,164
Apr 1997	821	4,595	17.88	2.08	$24,250
Mar 1997	703	3,977	18.95	1.94	$21,034
Feb 1997	778	4,380	20.49	2.21	$25,603
Jan 1997	958	5,540	23.48	3.54	$42,104
Dec 1996	139	3,735	23.32	—	$3,241
Nov 1996	927	4,920	21.97	—	$20,366
Oct 1996	998	4,626	23.31	—	$23,263
Sep 1996	725	5,029	22.22	—	$16,110
Aug 1996	1,111	7,106	20.26	—	$22,509
Jul 1996	1,017	6,056	19.55	—	$19,882
Jun 1996	926	5,851	18.73	—	$17,344
May 1996	483	6,151	19.43	—	$9,385
Apr 1996	1,157	6,302	21.51	—	$24,887
Mar 1996	1,292	6,650	19.38	—	$25,039
Feb 1996	1,140	6,163	16.98	—	$19,357
Jan 1996	1,347	6,502	17.07	—	$22,993
Dec 1995	1,315	8,386	17.19	—	$22,605
Nov 1995	1,209	8,644	16.00	—	$19,344
Oct 1995	1,381	7,413	15.43	—	$21,309
Sep 1995	1,305	9,201	16.18	—	$21,115
Aug 1995	1,229	8,136	15.92	—	$19,566
Jul 1995	1,307	8,679	15.24	—	$19,919
Jun 1995	1,158	7,854	16.41	—	$19,003
May 1995	1,287	7,771	17.56	—	$22,600
Apr 1995	1,357	7,908	17.73	—	$24,060
Mar 1995	1,334	8,372	16.44	—	$21,931
Feb 1995	1,095	8,038	16.58	—	$18,155
Jan 1995	936	8,898	15.92	—	$14,901
Dec 1994	1,276	8,533	15.03	—	$19,178
Nov 1994	1,397	8,788	15.90	—	$22,212
Oct 1994	1,387	9,298	15.58	—	$21,609
Sep 1994	1,406	10,037	15.29	—	$21,498
Aug 1994	1,553	11,585	16.13	—	$25,050
Jul 1994	1,532	11,203	17.56	—	$26,902
Jun 1994	1,486	10,930	17.09	—	$25,396
May 1994	1,624	11,597	15.88	—	$25,789
Apr 1994	1,375	11,776	14.14	—	$19,443
Mar 1994	1,641	11,298	12.46	—	$20,447
Feb 1994	1,270	11,536	12.50	—	$15,875
Jan 1994	1,244	13,125	12.66	—	$15,749
Dec 1993	1,552	12,157	12.33	—	$19,136
Nov 1993	1,624	12,287	14.49	—	$23,532
Oct 1993	1,917	13,580	15.85	—	$30,384
Sep 1993	1,805	11,691	15.03	—	$27,129
Aug 1993	2,159	14,620	15.66	—	$33,810
Jul 1993	2,075	14,031	15.46	—	$32,080
Jun 1993	2,190	14,524	16.79	—	$36,770
May 1993	2,485	16,822	17.68	—	$43,935
Apr 1993	1,213	10,622	18.05	—	$21,895
Mar 1993	1,479	12,238	18.14	—	$26,829
Feb 1993	1,406	10,855	17.90	—	$25,167
Jan 1993	1,473	13,152	16.93	—	$24,938

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

Apr 2014 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil                    0 bbl  × $ 95.94 =         $0
Casinghead gas         3 Mcf  × $  4.81 =        $14

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                      $14

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 08/O/28468 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.