WADDELL TR A

Name: WADDELL TR A lease production and value, Jan 1993 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by BLACKBEARD OPERATING, LLC (P-5 73056) in the SAND HILLS (MCKNIGHT) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 5263District 08Field 80473310Hydrogen sulphide fieldNGPA filingOilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$1.33 bn

Jan 1993 – May 2026

Value, last 12 filed months

$301.4 M

at the published price for each month

Months reported

401

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The SAND HILLS (MCKNIGHT) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 215 leases and 1,609 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1944-12-31

as the register files it

Field class

Oil and gas

the register's own label

Between wells

0 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 10 acres. The field rule took effect on 2024-12-17.

The register flags this field for hydrogen sulphide. That is a poisonous gas that occurs naturally in some formations. The flag is a property of the field as the Commission records it. It is not a measurement taken at this lease, and it is not a statement that gas is escaping anywhere.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “ONLY. 6MONTH EXCEPTION TO SWR51A. SPECIAL HZ LANGUAGE”

Severance-tax incentive filings

Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.

Programme	Filings	With an approval date	Dated	Docket
NGPA	92	none	—	—

This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	19,120,927 bbl	$1,094,848,590
Casinghead gas	Production	67,172,170 Mcf	$236,847,524
Total			$1,331,696,115

7,871,625 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 48 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (674)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 31.5145, -102.6299. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 8.1 miles.

31.49601, -102.64342 · centre of 200 wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

57.9%

390 of 674 wells

With a plug date

40.8%

275 of 674 wells

Median depth

3,535 ft

644 wells filed one

Completion to plug

26.8 years

median over 213 wells

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

39057.9%

A plug date is filed

27540.8%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

27540.8%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

28442.1%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

Total depth in feet, 644 of 674 wells. Median 3,535 ft, with the middle half between 3,475 and 3,606 ft; the shallowest is 3,063 ft and the deepest 9,390 ft. The median is published rather than the mean, because a single mis-keyed depth moves a mean and cannot move a median.

When they were last completed

Last completion by decade, 574 of 674 wells, Dec 1950 – May 2026. This is the LAST completion filed on each wellbore, not the first — a well recompleted in 2019 counts once, in the 2010s.

Completions filed

Dec 1950 – May 2026

574 of 674 wells; 100 filed none

Plug dates filed

Apr 1972 – Jul 2026

275 of 674 wells; 399 filed none

Last completion to plug: a median of 26.8 years across the 213 wells that filed both dates, with the middle half between 10.5 years and 43.8 years. A further 5 wells are excluded, because the last completion the Commission holds for them is dated after the plug date. Both dates are the latest of their kind on the wellbore record and they are filed separately, so the two need not run in order. The gap is the distance between two filed dates — it is not a statement of how long the well produced.

200 of 674 wells


42-10302398	106	4,710 ft	May 2026	—	Yes
42-10302236	789	3,475 ft	Mar 2026	Oct 1988	Yes
42-10302028	578	3,425 ft	Mar 2026	—	Yes
42-10302150	701	3,800 ft	Jan 2026	—	Yes
42-10301901	442	6,030 ft	Dec 2025	—	Yes
42-10305725	222A	3,384 ft	Oct 2025	—	Yes
42-10302009	559	3,400 ft	Sep 2025	—	Yes
42-10302222	775	3,520 ft	Aug 2025	—	Yes
42-10302634	511	3,430 ft	Jul 2025	—	Yes
42-10301741	272	3,350 ft	Jul 2025	—	Yes
42-10301805	337	4,527 ft	Jul 2025	—	Yes
42-10310123	858	3,500 ft	Jun 2025	—	Yes
42-10301682	210	3,495 ft	Apr 2025	May 2026	Yes
42-10301851	392	3,483 ft	Mar 2025	—	Yes
42-10301889	430	3,580 ft	Dec 2024	Mar 2025	Yes
42-10301848	389	3,395 ft	Dec 2024	Oct 1987	Yes
42-10302266	825	3,475 ft	Dec 2024	—	Yes
42-10331526	1092	3,538 ft	Nov 2024	Feb 2025	Yes
42-10302014	564	6,050 ft	May 2024	Oct 2024	Yes
42-10334582	1528	5,031 ft	May 2024	Jun 2026	Yes
42-10301798	330	6,125 ft	Sep 2023	—	Yes
42-10301944	487	3,595 ft	Jul 2023	—	Yes
42-10302358	64	4,765 ft	May 2023	Mar 2026	Yes
42-10302101	652	6,015 ft	May 2023	—	Yes
42-10330593	1065	3,700 ft	Mar 2023	—	Yes
42-10302642	824	3,490 ft	Feb 2023	—	Yes
42-10301985	535	4,560 ft	Dec 2022	—	Yes
42-10302131	682	3,605 ft	Nov 2022	—	Yes
42-10301767	299	6,160 ft	Jun 2022	Feb 2024	Yes
42-10332144	1140	6,070 ft	May 2022	—	Yes
42-10301666	252	3,435 ft	Mar 2022	Jul 2025	Yes
42-10332408	1174	5,610 ft	Jan 2022	Nov 2024	Yes
42-10336122	2009	4,900 ft	Dec 2021	Apr 2026	Yes
42-10330572	1060	3,530 ft	Dec 2021	—	Yes
42-10334198	1406	4,800 ft	Dec 2021	Nov 2022	Yes
42-10301806	338	4,550 ft	Dec 2021	—	Yes
42-10336327	2040	6,095 ft	Oct 2021	—	Yes
42-10302353	59	6,005 ft	Aug 2021	—	Yes
42-10335288	1957	5,980 ft	Jun 2021	Dec 2022	Yes
42-10336333	2036	6,080 ft	Mar 2021	—	Yes
42-10335534	1983	4,925 ft	Aug 2019	Nov 2019	Yes
42-10302235	788	3,420 ft	Apr 2019	Oct 2025	Yes
42-10301728	259W	3,515 ft	Feb 2019	Oct 2024	Yes
42-10301868	409	3,440 ft	Nov 2018	Mar 2021	Yes
42-10301683	211W	3,510 ft	Aug 2018	—	Yes
42-10301950	494	3,535 ft	May 2017	—	Yes
42-10330479	1046	3,780 ft	Apr 2017	—	Yes
42-10335254	1930	6,104 ft	Dec 2016	Feb 2026	Yes
42-10301808	340	4,725 ft	Dec 2016	—	Yes
42-10301793	325	6,100 ft	Nov 2016	—	Yes
42-10302259	812	3,750 ft	Nov 2016	—	Yes
42-10302144	695	3,540 ft	Oct 2016	—	Yes
42-10301687	215	3,470 ft	Sep 2016	—	Yes
42-10302267	826	3,505 ft	Aug 2016	—	Yes
42-10301743	274	3,500 ft	Jun 2016	Apr 2026	Yes
42-10302158	709	3,460 ft	May 2016	Jan 2023	Yes
42-10332006	1112	3,550 ft	May 2016	Dec 2023	Yes
42-10302161	712	3,533 ft	May 2016	Jun 2016	Yes
42-10330348	4W	3,581 ft	May 2016	Jul 2016	Yes
42-10310877	918	3,450 ft	Apr 2016	Jan 2025	Yes
42-10302219	772	3,500 ft	Apr 2016	—	Yes
42-10301888	429W	3,545 ft	Apr 2016	May 2024	Yes
42-10301760	292	3,445 ft	Apr 2016	—	Yes
42-10330359	1001	3,520 ft	Mar 2016	—	Yes
42-10330398	1007	3,590 ft	Mar 2016	Jan 2024	Yes
42-10330469	1040	3,525 ft	Mar 2016	May 2016	Yes
42-10302240	793	3,470 ft	Feb 2016	Mar 2016	Yes
42-10302130	681	3,750 ft	Feb 2016	—	Yes
42-10335289	1958	5,871 ft	Feb 2016	Jun 2025	Yes
42-10302143	694	3,670 ft	Jan 2016	May 2023	Yes
42-10302113	664	3,545 ft	Dec 2015	Apr 2026	Yes
42-10302116	667	3,535 ft	Oct 2015	May 2026	Yes
42-10301729	260	3,555 ft	Jul 2015	Sep 2015	Yes
42-10334765	1587	3,620 ft	Jun 2015	May 2023	Yes
42-10302484	194	3,535 ft	May 2015	Oct 2016	Yes
42-10301866	407W	3,470 ft	Apr 2015	Jul 2015	Yes
42-10310855	916	3,820 ft	Mar 2015	Jan 2025	Yes
42-10302175	727	3,520 ft	Jan 2015	May 2026	Yes
42-10335532	1980	4,927 ft	May 2014	Aug 2024	Yes
42-10302029	579	3,378 ft	Jan 2014	—	Yes
42-10330554	1048	3,544 ft	Dec 2013	Oct 2024	Yes
42-10333246	1315	3,599 ft	Dec 2013	—	Yes
42-10330488	1050	3,630 ft	Mar 2013	—	Yes
42-10310925	940	3,470 ft	Mar 2013	Feb 2025	Yes
42-10330416	1015	3,640 ft	Feb 2013	Nov 2016	Yes
42-10302490	200	3,495 ft	Jan 2013	—	Yes
42-10301722	253	3,505 ft	Dec 2012	Sep 2014	Yes
42-10334584	1543	5,105 ft	Nov 2012	Nov 2023	Yes
42-10301750	282W	3,500 ft	Aug 2012	—	Yes
42-10330429	1018	3,610 ft	Apr 2012	Feb 2026	Yes
42-10302172	724	3,545 ft	Nov 2011	Apr 2026	Yes
42-10302481	191W	3,570 ft	Jun 2011	—	Yes
42-10302265	822	3,545 ft	May 2011	—	Yes
42-10302271	831	3,530 ft	Apr 2011	Dec 2019	Yes
42-10302237	790	3,430 ft	Nov 2010	Feb 2024	Yes
42-10302012	562	3,435 ft	Nov 2010	—	Yes
42-10305730	280	3,440 ft	Oct 2010	—	Yes
42-10302164	715	3,515 ft	Feb 2009	—	Yes
42-10302255	808	3,520 ft	Oct 2008	—	Yes
42-10330559	1058	3,470 ft	Mar 2008	—	Yes
42-10302145	696	3,545 ft	May 2007	Mar 2026	Yes
42-10330525	1036	3,580 ft	Mar 2007	—	Yes
42-10334627	1554	3,629 ft	Nov 2006	—	Yes
42-10310816	909	3,470 ft	Nov 2006	—	Yes
42-10302436	145	3,515 ft	Oct 2006	May 2023	Yes
42-10333572	1389	3,475 ft	Oct 2006	—	Yes
42-10310117	891	3,500 ft	Sep 2006	—	Yes
42-10302306	11	4,680 ft	Aug 2006	—	Yes
42-10302258	811	3,530 ft	Jul 2006	Mar 2018	Yes
42-10302096	647	3,420 ft	Mar 2006	—	Yes
42-10334344	1501	3,566 ft	Mar 2006	—	Yes
42-10301802	334	3,435 ft	Mar 2006	—	Yes
42-10302020	570	5,803 ft	Aug 2005	—	Yes
42-10302269	829	3,530 ft	Jun 2005	Dec 2019	Yes
42-10330442	1028	3,500 ft	Jan 2005	—	Yes
42-10301925	466	3,550 ft	Aug 2004	—	Yes
42-10302221	774	3,607 ft	Jul 2004	May 2026	Yes
42-10301684	212	3,850 ft	Jul 2004	Apr 2021	Yes
42-10302425	135	4,716 ft	May 2004	—	Yes
42-10302434	143	4,734 ft	Apr 2004	—	Yes
42-10302148	699	3,660 ft	Feb 2004	Jul 2015	Yes
42-10301999	549A	3,420 ft	Jun 2003	—	Yes
42-10302469	179	3,550 ft	Apr 2003	Apr 2026	Yes
42-10302195	748	3,535 ft	Mar 2003	Jul 2026	Yes
42-10310872	914	3,400 ft	May 2002	—	Yes
42-10331803	1097 U	4,700 ft	Nov 2001	—	Yes
42-10334768	1591	3,605 ft	Dec 2000	Nov 2016	Yes
42-10302199	728	3,530 ft	Nov 2000	Oct 2017	Yes
42-10301897	438	3,500 ft	Oct 2000	—	Yes
42-10330443	1034	3,590 ft	Oct 2000	Dec 2023	Yes
42-10330485	1047	3,650 ft	May 1999	Sep 2025	Yes
42-10301781	313	3,700 ft	Nov 1998	—	Yes
42-10301860	401	3,606 ft	Oct 1998	Jul 2001	Yes
42-10301929	470	3,551 ft	Oct 1998	Jun 2003	Yes
42-10301803	335	3,570 ft	Oct 1998	—	Yes
42-10334650	1567	3,646 ft	Sep 1998	Mar 2016	Yes
42-10334244	1422	3,497 ft	Jul 1998	Mar 2026	Yes
42-10334245	1421	3,460 ft	Jul 1998	Jan 2026	Yes
42-10306138	83W	3,830 ft	Jun 1998	Apr 2025	Yes
42-10302446	155	3,890 ft	May 1998	—	Yes
42-10333472	1323W	3,850 ft	May 1998	Mar 2009	Yes
42-10334624	1551	3,547 ft	Apr 1998	Nov 2012	Yes
42-10301908	449	3,480 ft	Mar 1998	—	Yes
42-10301907	448	3,546 ft	Mar 1998	Aug 2014	Yes
42-10301909	450W	3,430 ft	Mar 1998	Mar 2005	Yes
42-10334606	1559	3,622 ft	Mar 1998	Feb 2026	Yes
42-10301946	489	3,610 ft	Mar 1998	Nov 2024	Yes
42-10301788	320	3,475 ft	Mar 1998	—	Yes
42-10301782	314	3,460 ft	Feb 1998	Aug 2003	Yes
42-10301763	295	3,600 ft	Feb 1998	—	Yes
42-10301883	424	3,575 ft	Feb 1998	—	Yes
42-10301787	319W	3,595 ft	Jan 1998	Jun 2026	Yes
42-10301892	433	3,560 ft	Jan 1998	Oct 2024	Yes
42-10330382	1009	3,625 ft	Jan 1998	Nov 1999	Yes
42-10334539	1533	3,534 ft	Dec 1997	Jan 2026	Yes
42-10301861	402	3,580 ft	Dec 1997	Apr 2016	Yes
42-10310416	875	3,400 ft	Nov 1997	—	Yes
42-10334538	1530	3,754 ft	Sep 1997	Nov 2016	Yes
42-10302263	816	3,500 ft	Jul 1997	—	Yes
42-10302191	744	3,510 ft	May 1997	Oct 2002	Yes
42-10330078	984	3,510 ft	May 1997	Feb 2025	Yes
42-10334458	1505	3,451 ft	Feb 1997	Feb 2024	Yes
42-10334454	1504	3,619 ft	Feb 1997	Nov 2014	Yes
42-10302167	718	3,063 ft	Nov 1996	Dec 2023	Yes
42-10301863	404W	3,635 ft	Nov 1996	Oct 2018	Yes
42-10301758	290	3,540 ft	Nov 1996	Dec 2023	Yes
42-10333247	1312	3,525 ft	Sep 1996	—	Yes
42-10302288	384	3,525 ft	Sep 1996	Jul 2025	Yes
42-10301865	406	3,450 ft	Jul 1996	Jun 2003	Yes
42-10301923	464	3,500 ft	Jul 1996	—	Yes
42-10301922	463W	3,480 ft	Jul 1996	Mar 2003	Yes
42-10301864	405W	3,475 ft	Jul 1996	Aug 2024	Yes
42-10302027	577	3,460 ft	Jul 1996	—	Yes
42-10301833	365W	3,622 ft	Jun 1996	Aug 2024	Yes
42-10301859	400	3,680 ft	Jun 1996	—	Yes
42-10301887	428	3,630 ft	Jun 1996	Oct 2024	Yes
42-10301899	440	3,555 ft	May 1996	—	Yes
42-10302633	510W	3,490 ft	Apr 1996	Aug 2008	Yes
42-10332639	1205	3,600 ft	Feb 1996	—	Yes
42-10302134	685	3,509 ft	Feb 1996	—	Yes
42-10302120	671	3,510 ft	Jan 1996	—	Yes
42-10301800	332	3,510 ft	Jan 1996	Oct 1987	Yes
42-10330444	1029	3,540 ft	Jan 1996	—	Yes
42-10302485	195	3,525 ft	Dec 1995	Apr 1990	Yes
42-10301755	287	3,428 ft	Nov 1995	Oct 1988	Yes
42-10330371	1002	3,560 ft	Sep 1995	Apr 2021	Yes
42-10301983	533W	3,455 ft	Jun 1995	Nov 2023	Yes
42-10332618	1212	3,642 ft	Jun 1995	Dec 2005	Yes
42-10302270	830	3,525 ft	May 1995	Aug 2000	Yes
42-10332606	1211	3,500 ft	May 1995	Apr 2021	Yes
42-10330410	1013	3,540 ft	May 1995	Aug 2023	Yes
42-10302201	753	3,600 ft	Apr 1995	Jan 2015	Yes
42-10301774	306	3,475 ft	Mar 1995	Dec 2023	Yes
42-10301775	307	3,450 ft	Jul 1994	May 2023	Yes
42-10301842	374	3,470 ft	Apr 1994	—	Yes
42-10302289	383	3,460 ft	Apr 1994	Sep 2003	Yes
42-10301827	359	3,460 ft	Mar 1994	Mar 2015	Yes
42-10301895	436	3,510 ft	Mar 1994	Oct 2002	Yes
42-10302225	778	3,440 ft	Mar 1994	Oct 2024	Yes
42-10333483	1263	3,547 ft	Feb 1994	Oct 2024	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (401)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

401 months


May 2026	292,669	602,247	106.41	3.05	$32,977,256
Apr 2026	305,156	587,443	98.93	2.87	$31,874,880
Mar 2026	334,914	637,403	89.75	3.15	$32,065,994
Feb 2026	313,100	576,954	63.50	3.75	$22,045,612
Jan 2026	355,969	608,553	59.13	8.00	$25,915,605
Dec 2025	397,753	685,287	56.66	4.41	$25,561,103
Nov 2025	362,201	605,773	58.59	3.93	$23,599,888
Oct 2025	311,295	602,877	59.38	3.30	$20,477,109
Sep 2025	297,294	577,032	62.74	3.08	$20,427,707
Aug 2025	294,598	565,923	63.93	3.01	$20,539,772
Jul 2025	315,318	584,859	66.74	3.32	$22,983,248
Jun 2025	317,639	576,217	66.48	3.13	$22,919,462
May 2025	316,696	582,639	60.55	3.23	$21,059,218
Apr 2025	263,431	492,284	62.36	3.54	$18,171,778
Mar 2025	245,758	407,974	67.70	4.27	$18,379,180
Feb 2025	232,274	416,802	70.88	4.34	$18,272,852
Jan 2025	218,130	433,260	74.32	4.28	$18,065,203
Dec 2024	202,192	440,888	68.99	3.12	$15,325,401
Nov 2024	172,019	403,587	69.05	2.20	$12,765,174
Oct 2024	127,970	428,108	71.37	2.28	$10,109,904
Sep 2024	147,407	355,236	69.61	2.36	$11,100,907
Aug 2024	134,217	324,145	75.63	2.06	$10,819,747
Jul 2024	126,088	313,466	79.93	2.15	$10,751,097
Jun 2024	128,795	327,947	78.08	2.63	$10,920,119
May 2024	137,394	327,936	78.81	2.20	$11,548,969
Apr 2024	144,384	310,844	84.45	1.66	$12,708,981
Mar 2024	146,148	295,752	80.30	1.55	$12,192,660
Feb 2024	130,668	262,303	76.09	1.78	$10,410,382
Jan 2024	137,088	265,601	73.02	3.30	$10,886,028
Dec 2023	128,934	249,810	71.26	2.61	$9,840,021
Nov 2023	113,882	242,259	77.89	2.81	$9,550,426
Oct 2023	131,556	251,781	85.44	3.09	$12,017,463
Sep 2023	110,508	164,264	89.04	2.74	$10,288,901
Aug 2023	117,583	246,021	80.52	2.67	$10,125,368
Jul 2023	113,075	252,777	74.85	2.64	$9,131,450
Jun 2023	85,002	207,835	68.96	2.26	$6,331,129
May 2023	93,636	210,548	70.62	2.23	$7,081,549
Apr 2023	77,818	185,422	78.12	2.24	$6,494,072
Mar 2023	85,611	146,297	72.85	2.39	$6,586,873
Feb 2023	80,887	152,468	75.11	2.47	$6,451,360
Jan 2023	72,159	146,061	76.53	3.39	$6,017,142
Dec 2022	67,856	147,689	76.41	5.73	$6,030,999
Nov 2022	49,261	92,907	85.00	5.65	$4,711,757
Oct 2022	73,406	96,208	87.18	5.86	$6,963,676
Sep 2022	79,705	152,472	84.88	8.16	$8,010,093
Aug 2022	78,901	157,751	94.52	9.13	$8,897,541
Jul 2022	60,934	162,418	101.58	7.54	$7,414,645
Jun 2022	78,163	177,859	115.09	7.98	$10,414,596
May 2022	72,536	174,108	109.37	8.43	$9,401,522
Apr 2022	61,656	123,092	104.22	6.84	$7,267,442
Mar 2022	52,926	106,937	108.88	5.08	$6,305,438
Feb 2022	36,906	85,044	91.05	4.86	$3,773,506
Jan 2022	21,523	91,401	81.84	4.54	$2,176,191
Dec 2021	36,799	180,767	71.32	3.90	$3,329,337
Nov 2021	41,431	141,851	77.43	5.24	$3,950,855
Oct 2021	45,209	85,772	79.79	5.71	$4,097,316
Sep 2021	35,516	72,383	69.86	5.35	$2,868,463
Aug 2021	21,500	68,553	66.02	4.22	$1,708,764
Jul 2021	15,896	83,212	70.78	3.98	$1,456,476
Jun 2021	12,784	63,227	69.49	3.38	$1,102,107
May 2021	13,731	73,379	63.48	3.02	$1,093,077
Apr 2021	15,387	87,037	60.36	2.76	$1,168,844
Mar 2021	16,996	75,490	61.30	2.72	$1,246,957
Feb 2021	12,415	57,229	57.80	5.55	$1,035,091
Jan 2021	13,857	75,354	50.41	2.81	$910,296
Dec 2020	13,835	68,317	44.64	2.68	$800,374
Nov 2020	13,695	62,237	38.77	2.71	$699,404
Oct 2020	15,871	69,929	36.97	2.48	$760,065
Sep 2020	16,580	72,305	37.09	1.99	$758,914
Aug 2020	17,078	70,868	39.98	2.39	$851,806
Jul 2020	17,079	76,067	38.37	1.83	$794,153
Jun 2020	15,712	54,374	34.90	1.69	$640,258
May 2020	16,590	54,697	16.92	1.81	$379,964
Apr 2020	17,066	63,294	14.75	1.80	$365,930
Mar 2020	19,162	63,871	30.34	1.86	$699,934
Feb 2020	17,492	59,031	49.88	1.98	$989,422
Jan 2020	20,809	71,429	57.25	2.09	$1,340,940
Dec 2019	19,768	65,414	59.01	2.30	$1,317,247
Nov 2019	19,375	63,546	55.30	2.75	$1,246,233
Oct 2019	19,353	69,453	53.47	2.42	$1,202,780
Sep 2019	18,345	64,410	55.05	2.66	$1,181,048
Aug 2019	19,017	61,201	53.11	2.30	$1,151,022
Jul 2019	21,180	68,727	56.27	2.46	$1,360,871
Jun 2019	20,682	73,775	52.78	2.49	$1,275,384
May 2019	21,498	75,263	58.48	2.74	$1,463,448
Apr 2019	19,093	73,695	62.63	2.75	$1,398,507
Mar 2019	23,661	86,025	56.80	3.06	$1,607,362
Feb 2019	19,172	71,803	50.85	2.79	$1,175,386
Jan 2019	20,671	74,254	46.03	3.23	$1,191,191
Dec 2018	22,322	78,633	46.59	4.19	$1,369,096
Nov 2018	22,121	71,623	52.93	4.24	$1,474,348
Oct 2018	25,873	82,545	61.44	3.40	$1,870,132
Sep 2018	23,442	72,855	59.54	3.11	$1,622,170
Aug 2018	22,891	77,590	59.40	3.07	$1,597,660
Jul 2018	22,062	75,736	65.14	2.93	$1,659,168
Jun 2018	19,986	72,766	60.18	3.08	$1,426,653
May 2018	20,528	73,527	65.38	2.90	$1,555,408
Apr 2018	23,936	81,976	63.84	2.90	$1,765,870
Mar 2018	27,132	84,453	61.22	2.79	$1,896,378
Feb 2018	23,779	75,850	61.78	2.77	$1,678,877
Jan 2018	25,439	81,562	62.87	4.01	$1,926,358
Dec 2017	26,048	82,517	57.27	2.92	$1,732,844
Nov 2017	22,627	78,710	55.42	3.12	$1,499,434
Oct 2017	26,218	84,992	49.29	2.98	$1,545,874
Sep 2017	26,412	79,581	47.52	3.09	$1,500,787
Aug 2017	27,910	88,808	45.37	3.00	$1,533,091
Jul 2017	21,556	75,574	43.87	3.09	$1,178,980
Jun 2017	20,045	72,122	42.49	3.09	$1,074,373
May 2017	20,515	83,580	45.37	3.26	$1,203,521
Apr 2017	20,966	83,241	47.93	3.21	$1,272,237
Mar 2017	26,157	104,751	46.77	2.98	$1,535,906
Feb 2017	25,978	91,608	50.45	2.95	$1,581,072
Jan 2017	18,119	88,771	49.41	3.42	$1,198,750
Dec 2016	31,132	111,751	48.76	3.72	$1,934,026
Nov 2016	29,131	105,932	42.49	2.64	$1,517,897
Oct 2016	31,754	116,182	46.19	3.09	$1,825,750
Sep 2016	30,114	105,873	41.55	3.10	$1,579,510
Aug 2016	32,721	119,879	41.44	2.92	$1,706,525
Jul 2016	32,411	112,601	41.62	2.92	$1,678,229
Jun 2016	28,497	108,116	45.35	2.69	$1,582,720
May 2016	31,282	109,023	42.52	1.99	$1,547,180
Apr 2016	29,176	105,312	36.56	1.99	$1,276,355
Mar 2016	27,480	106,520	33.01	1.79	$1,098,213
Feb 2016	30,750	116,893	26.47	2.06	$1,055,176
Jan 2016	29,805	123,599	27.35	2.36	$1,107,399
Dec 2015	26,300	123,366	32.36	2.00	$1,097,974
Nov 2015	26,250	126,838	38.79	2.17	$1,293,137
Oct 2015	25,482	128,532	43.55	2.43	$1,421,634
Sep 2015	26,498	127,089	42.99	2.76	$1,489,714
Aug 2015	27,910	146,625	40.16	2.87	$1,542,044
Jul 2015	27,148	100,287	48.15	2.95	$1,602,529
Jun 2015	26,233	98,492	56.15	2.88	$1,756,922
May 2015	29,236	107,576	55.21	2.96	$1,932,055
Apr 2015	27,506	139,900	49.82	2.71	$1,748,998
Mar 2015	27,691	138,344	42.89	2.93	$1,593,667
Feb 2015	24,948	114,803	44.66	2.98	$1,455,853
Jan 2015	20,935	96,337	43.43	3.10	$1,207,912
Dec 2014	29,082	115,832	54.69	3.59	$2,006,489
Nov 2014	25,065	101,382	70.46	4.25	$2,197,140
Oct 2014	25,588	119,293	78.30	3.90	$2,468,898
Sep 2014	26,471	125,210	86.16	4.05	$2,787,271
Aug 2014	26,637	126,557	89.39	4.04	$2,891,754
Jul 2014	26,241	127,168	96.56	4.18	$3,065,342
Jun 2014	26,364	127,702	98.16	4.74	$3,192,799
May 2014	30,121	137,512	94.73	4.73	$3,503,321
Apr 2014	30,774	136,244	95.94	4.81	$3,607,671
Mar 2014	33,202	134,433	95.89	5.06	$3,863,541
Feb 2014	28,708	133,272	97.40	6.19	$3,621,379
Jan 2014	32,765	149,917	90.40	4.86	$3,690,661
Dec 2013	32,610	145,983	91.82	4.35	$3,629,930
Nov 2013	29,973	141,183	88.85	3.74	$3,190,883
Oct 2013	26,686	142,276	97.42	3.78	$3,137,462
Sep 2013	25,719	149,692	104.11	3.72	$3,234,121
Aug 2013	28,130	153,999	104.25	3.52	$3,475,031
Jul 2013	28,654	165,999	102.52	3.72	$3,554,749
Jun 2013	26,904	165,632	94.40	3.93	$3,191,236
May 2013	29,438	165,517	94.83	4.15	$3,478,349
Apr 2013	27,271	155,158	93.96	4.28	$3,226,861
Mar 2013	27,354	149,337	93.62	3.91	$3,145,218
Feb 2013	26,543	133,095	91.23	3.42	$2,876,691
Jan 2013	26,513	143,070	91.60	3.42	$2,917,877
Dec 2012	28,284	140,190	86.77	3.42	$2,933,675
Nov 2012	27,660	137,843	86.95	3.62	$2,904,712
Oct 2012	31,252	151,369	89.38	3.40	$3,307,910
Sep 2012	32,784	162,444	94.67	2.92	$3,577,738
Aug 2012	32,908	148,251	92.66	2.91	$3,480,393
Jul 2012	30,547	147,889	85.13	3.02	$3,047,209
Jun 2012	31,942	152,395	79.82	2.52	$2,933,500
May 2012	32,347	142,891	91.61	2.49	$3,318,867
Apr 2012	31,119	135,917	101.65	2.00	$3,434,645
Mar 2012	30,459	137,172	105.05	2.22	$3,504,525
Feb 2012	29,176	125,668	101.10	2.57	$3,272,691
Jan 2012	29,333	129,309	98.09	2.73	$3,230,815
Dec 2011	20,827	93,454	96.87	3.24	$2,320,278
Nov 2011	20,192	91,935	95.72	3.31	$2,237,201
Oct 2011	21,470	94,747	84.98	3.65	$2,170,209
Sep 2011	20,948	97,056	83.62	3.99	$2,138,518
Aug 2011	20,056	100,243	83.40	4.15	$2,088,611
Jul 2011	21,571	100,400	94.14	4.52	$2,484,225
Jun 2011	21,819	103,738	92.90	4.64	$2,508,317
May 2011	22,657	102,178	98.13	4.40	$2,673,407
Apr 2011	19,473	92,061	105.96	4.33	$2,462,285
Mar 2011	20,238	99,024	96.36	4.06	$2,351,908
Feb 2011	17,961	84,081	85.64	4.18	$1,889,637
Jan 2011	20,646	99,711	86.50	4.59	$2,243,431
Dec 2010	20,316	98,830	85.73	4.35	$2,171,379
Nov 2010	19,609	97,735	80.84	3.80	$1,956,128
Oct 2010	19,792	102,367	78.10	3.51	$1,904,950
Sep 2010	15,611	92,672	72.63	3.98	$1,502,612
Aug 2010	19,322	103,863	73.68	4.42	$1,882,653
Jul 2010	19,521	103,299	72.55	4.74	$1,905,523
Jun 2010	20,206	100,049	70.36	4.91	$1,912,975
May 2010	20,462	105,152	71.12	4.24	$1,900,599
Apr 2010	20,067	95,850	81.69	4.12	$2,034,433
Mar 2010	20,522	93,984	78.39	4.39	$2,021,184
Feb 2010	19,569	86,145	73.58	5.44	$1,908,719
Jan 2010	21,628	94,235	74.36	5.96	$2,170,284
Dec 2009	21,469	93,917	71.44	5.48	$2,048,763
Nov 2009	19,557	93,687	74.59	3.75	$1,810,223
Oct 2009	20,309	79,007	72.54	4.11	$1,797,953
Sep 2009	18,833	92,893	65.54	3.06	$1,519,009
Aug 2009	20,197	99,282	67.42	3.22	$1,681,221
Jul 2009	20,156	101,266	61.13	3.46	$1,582,972
Jun 2009	19,232	96,895	66.16	3.90	$1,649,795
May 2009	20,251	101,940	54.74	3.93	$1,508,731
Apr 2009	20,190	94,679	46.77	3.59	$1,283,947
Mar 2009	21,156	88,758	42.14	4.06	$1,251,783
Feb 2009	18,644	77,981	32.81	4.63	$972,996
Jan 2009	20,251	90,142	35.86	5.37	$1,210,354
Dec 2008	21,271	101,883	37.10	5.98	$1,398,123
Nov 2008	21,630	100,583	55.49	6.86	$1,890,284
Oct 2008	21,073	110,148	75.24	6.92	$2,347,975
Sep 2008	21,744	64,662	101.76	7.88	$2,722,018
Aug 2008	22,284	107,798	114.22	8.48	$3,459,731
Jul 2008	22,185	110,173	131.08	11.39	$4,162,817
Jun 2008	20,275	98,331	131.33	13.03	$3,944,227
May 2008	21,504	109,758	123.17	11.57	$3,919,019
Apr 2008	20,891	111,665	110.31	10.45	$3,471,928
Mar 2008	22,022	104,592	101.90	9.66	$3,254,826
Feb 2008	21,665	110,856	92.53	8.77	$2,976,934
Jan 2008	23,653	114,605	90.38	8.21	$3,078,176
Dec 2007	23,358	91,154	88.33	7.30	$2,728,816
Nov 2007	20,535	110,586	91.67	7.29	$2,688,803
Oct 2007	21,831	116,092	82.85	6.92	$2,612,285
Sep 2007	22,143	90,205	75.84	6.24	$2,242,580
Aug 2007	22,349	0	69.06	6.39	$1,543,422
Jul 2007	23,018	117,102	70.90	6.39	$2,380,017
Jun 2007	22,096	116,548	62.00	7.55	$2,249,709
May 2007	23,921	122,225	58.74	7.85	$2,364,131
Apr 2007	25,277	145,977	59.61	7.81	$2,646,142
Mar 2007	22,864	128,222	56.92	7.30	$2,237,692
Feb 2007	21,148	113,052	55.10	8.22	$2,094,090
Jan 2007	24,296	116,701	50.30	6.73	$2,007,119
Dec 2006	23,478	116,436	56.65	6.92	$2,135,584
Nov 2006	22,573	113,113	54.20	7.62	$2,085,093
Oct 2006	23,514	116,207	54.90	6.01	$1,989,764
Sep 2006	20,838	113,590	60.08	5.04	$1,824,123
Aug 2006	23,217	138,570	68.71	7.34	$2,612,333
Jul 2006	22,530	132,976	69.37	6.34	$2,406,341
Jun 2006	22,570	130,420	66.28	6.38	$2,328,525
May 2006	24,138	126,243	66.01	6.42	$2,404,461
Apr 2006	24,583	121,891	64.39	7.36	$2,480,076
Mar 2006	25,237	149,621	56.70	7.08	$2,490,691
Feb 2006	24,645	132,619	57.59	7.75	$2,447,251
Jan 2006	27,570	126,165	60.59	8.93	$2,797,539
Dec 2005	25,685	117,523	54.94	13.42	$2,987,752
Nov 2005	25,834	127,587	54.69	10.59	$2,763,804
Oct 2005	26,794	132,558	58.34	13.80	$3,391,900
Sep 2005	26,017	129,042	61.45	12.08	$3,157,443
Aug 2005	25,788	139,147	61.51	9.80	$2,949,421
Jul 2005	30,182	159,302	55.69	7.84	$2,930,343
Jun 2005	31,119	149,384	52.33	7.38	$2,731,067
May 2005	32,709	158,866	45.22	6.65	$2,535,744
Apr 2005	26,868	148,300	49.20	7.36	$2,413,465
Mar 2005	29,124	149,781	50.37	7.15	$2,538,641
Feb 2005	26,065	130,009	45.22	6.31	$1,999,266
Jan 2005	29,396	142,061	43.16	6.32	$2,166,869
Dec 2004	29,932	145,661	39.86	6.75	$2,176,459
Nov 2004	30,213	165,792	45.28	6.33	$2,417,578
Oct 2004	30,587	171,680	49.70	6.52	$2,638,686
Sep 2004	29,074	146,857	43.24	5.28	$2,033,137
Aug 2004	30,651	158,087	42.37	5.55	$2,176,170
Jul 2004	30,491	161,459	38.28	6.08	$2,149,541
Jun 2004	31,740	160,068	36.10	6.43	$2,175,535
May 2004	32,935	166,275	37.48	6.49	$2,314,290
Apr 2004	29,318	158,971	34.47	5.86	$1,941,917
Mar 2004	29,593	155,674	34.36	5.53	$1,877,714
Feb 2004	25,983	138,792	32.45	5.51	$1,607,840
Jan 2004	27,981	147,733	32.03	6.30	$1,826,896
Dec 2003	29,109	146,649	30.26	6.30	$1,804,968
Nov 2003	28,575	147,472	28.80	4.60	$1,500,617
Oct 2003	31,156	168,199	28.17	4.76	$1,678,231
Sep 2003	29,812	160,572	26.31	4.75	$1,546,968
Aug 2003	28,614	166,456	29.76	5.13	$1,705,425
Jul 2003	29,864	164,871	29.41	5.17	$1,730,822
Jun 2003	30,647	170,582	28.56	5.98	$1,895,864
May 2003	34,795	177,435	26.59	5.97	$1,984,962
Apr 2003	36,293	194,910	26.67	5.41	$2,021,867
Mar 2003	36,819	201,441	31.14	6.10	$2,374,536
Feb 2003	29,928	168,137	33.48	7.93	$2,334,623
Jan 2003	32,652	180,670	30.31	5.58	$1,998,189
Dec 2002	32,751	194,247	26.91	4.85	$1,824,158
Nov 2002	32,176	177,937	24.66	4.14	$1,529,578
Oct 2002	32,535	178,799	26.46	4.23	$1,617,039
Sep 2002	31,218	177,854	27.44	3.64	$1,503,157
Aug 2002	32,749	209,136	25.96	3.16	$1,511,904
Jul 2002	32,110	216,905	24.58	3.06	$1,453,375
Jun 2002	32,351	205,878	23.73	3.34	$1,454,959
May 2002	32,781	191,401	24.66	3.58	$1,494,361
Apr 2002	32,842	179,173	23.65	3.51	$1,406,026
Mar 2002	34,915	180,206	22.00	3.10	$1,327,259
Feb 2002	31,393	165,501	18.22	2.38	$965,158
Jan 2002	35,520	181,915	17.17	2.38	$1,042,050
Dec 2001	33,914	181,217	16.93	2.36	$1,002,633
Nov 2001	33,209	174,812	18.07	2.41	$1,020,600
Oct 2001	32,575	181,962	19.78	2.53	$1,104,494
Sep 2001	31,837	189,991	24.26	2.25	$1,200,096
Aug 2001	33,029	202,042	24.87	3.05	$1,438,298
Jul 2001	34,557	207,967	23.93	3.20	$1,491,836
Jun 2001	33,790	203,000	24.56	3.82	$1,606,187
May 2001	33,787	197,295	25.52	4.31	$1,712,057
Apr 2001	32,573	195,769	24.68	5.34	$1,848,392
Mar 2001	36,520	211,782	24.54	5.38	$2,034,834
Feb 2001	35,498	218,714	27.75	5.77	$2,246,411
Jan 2001	39,837	252,177	27.47	8.40	$3,212,296
Dec 2000	39,862	216,350	26.88	9.12	$3,045,143
Nov 2000	35,774	206,776	32.21	5.66	$2,322,219
Oct 2000	35,188	138,366	31.23	5.15	$1,810,883
Sep 2000	35,594	197,654	31.87	5.19	$2,159,513
Aug 2000	36,892	210,772	29.64	4.54	$2,050,542
Jul 2000	36,372	200,756	28.53	4.09	$1,858,735
Jun 2000	34,841	202,743	29.30	4.40	$1,912,353
May 2000	38,168	222,332	27.26	3.68	$1,858,586
Apr 2000	36,621	213,545	24.51	3.12	$1,562,987
Mar 2000	39,304	223,116	28.42	2.86	$1,755,076
Feb 2000	36,088	197,108	27.62	2.73	$1,534,166
Jan 2000	38,418	193,130	25.27	2.48	$1,449,882
Dec 1999	39,688	211,895	24.28	2.42	$1,477,199
Nov 1999	39,901	223,998	23.19	2.43	$1,470,513
Oct 1999	41,282	247,814	20.98	2.80	$1,560,895
Sep 1999	40,812	244,940	21.75	2.62	$1,529,122
Aug 1999	41,839	252,311	19.26	2.88	$1,531,365
Jul 1999	42,330	264,553	17.89	2.37	$1,384,901
Jun 1999	41,649	261,491	15.94	2.36	$1,281,553
May 1999	44,122	273,505	15.79	2.32	$1,331,497
Apr 1999	45,252	271,349	15.10	2.21	$1,282,457
Mar 1999	48,542	282,532	12.47	1.84	$1,124,706
Feb 1999	44,054	259,489	9.98	1.82	$911,355
Jan 1999	49,842	292,049	10.38	1.90	$1,072,238
Dec 1998	51,769	292,329	9.20	1.77	$994,668
Nov 1998	51,087	293,483	10.89	2.19	$1,197,809
Oct 1998	54,215	295,466	12.42	1.97	$1,255,185
Sep 1998	51,289	278,794	12.59	2.08	$1,226,350
Aug 1998	48,584	274,965	11.30	1.91	$1,073,454
Jul 1998	49,883	263,653	11.74	2.24	$1,175,489
Jun 1998	48,960	260,322	11.24	2.24	$1,132,721
May 1998	54,125	254,006	12.62	2.21	$1,243,481
Apr 1998	52,172	237,821	13.04	2.51	$1,276,143
Mar 1998	49,207	247,683	12.80	2.31	$1,201,859
Feb 1998	42,927	212,747	13.95	2.30	$1,087,965
Jan 1998	46,689	251,829	14.70	2.15	$1,228,967
Dec 1997	46,347	253,355	16.32	2.41	$1,367,247
Nov 1997	46,516	255,941	18.19	3.09	$1,636,538
Oct 1997	49,866	259,918	19.25	3.15	$1,778,615
Sep 1997	42,861	229,937	17.74	2.95	$1,439,790
Aug 1997	40,186	237,613	17.86	2.55	$1,324,761
Jul 1997	42,661	257,881	17.58	2.25	$1,329,424
Jun 1997	42,698	256,688	17.24	2.26	$1,315,510
May 1997	42,632	237,272	18.97	2.31	$1,356,471
Apr 1997	43,730	217,052	17.88	2.08	$1,233,964
Mar 1997	45,868	209,995	18.95	1.94	$1,276,408
Feb 1997	40,504	183,850	20.49	2.21	$1,235,482
Jan 1997	39,869	160,613	23.48	3.54	$1,504,646
Dec 1996	42,375	163,598	23.32	—	$988,185
Nov 1996	41,932	180,742	21.97	—	$921,246
Oct 1996	42,632	176,170	23.31	—	$993,752
Sep 1996	39,632	183,164	22.22	—	$880,623
Aug 1996	43,007	210,276	20.26	—	$871,322
Jul 1996	43,481	192,525	19.55	—	$850,054
Jun 1996	42,823	187,205	18.73	—	$802,075
May 1996	42,325	167,275	19.43	—	$822,375
Apr 1996	40,985	198,465	21.51	—	$881,587
Mar 1996	45,305	208,066	19.38	—	$878,011
Feb 1996	41,615	194,598	16.98	—	$706,623
Jan 1996	42,047	160,582	17.07	—	$717,742
Dec 1995	41,316	173,585	17.19	—	$710,222
Nov 1995	32,597	162,554	16.00	—	$521,552
Oct 1995	35,460	168,005	15.43	—	$547,148
Sep 1995	35,201	176,704	16.18	—	$569,552
Aug 1995	36,337	169,451	15.92	—	$578,485
Jul 1995	36,900	195,989	15.24	—	$562,356
Jun 1995	32,204	170,140	16.41	—	$528,468
May 1995	35,910	194,590	17.56	—	$630,580
Apr 1995	33,707	166,937	17.73	—	$597,625
Mar 1995	31,944	146,401	16.44	—	$525,159
Feb 1995	30,104	149,414	16.58	—	$499,124
Jan 1995	34,428	166,860	15.92	—	$548,094
Dec 1994	34,132	124,609	15.03	—	$513,004
Nov 1994	32,721	168,183	15.90	—	$520,264
Oct 1994	34,136	166,711	15.58	—	$531,839
Sep 1994	32,126	175,436	15.29	—	$491,207
Aug 1994	33,484	166,420	16.13	—	$540,097
Jul 1994	34,439	193,571	17.56	—	$604,749
Jun 1994	32,633	182,755	17.09	—	$557,698
May 1994	37,010	210,265	15.88	—	$587,719
Apr 1994	36,558	198,172	14.14	—	$516,930
Mar 1994	37,190	180,744	12.46	—	$463,387
Feb 1994	32,614	153,625	12.50	—	$407,675
Jan 1994	34,735	157,056	12.66	—	$439,745
Dec 1993	34,755	150,610	12.33	—	$428,529
Nov 1993	35,998	133,511	14.49	—	$521,611
Oct 1993	37,494	142,079	15.85	—	$594,280
Sep 1993	34,718	138,063	15.03	—	$521,812
Aug 1993	35,601	140,591	15.66	—	$557,512
Jul 1993	35,312	148,934	15.46	—	$545,924
Jun 1993	34,786	147,408	16.79	—	$584,057
May 1993	35,327	142,221	17.68	—	$624,581
Apr 1993	31,696	119,680	18.05	—	$572,113
Mar 1993	33,564	96,169	18.14	—	$608,851
Feb 1993	30,032	83,142	17.90	—	$537,573
Jan 1993	34,685	88,374	16.93	—	$587,217

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

May 2026 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil              292,669 bbl  × $106.41 = $31,142,908
Casinghead gas   602,247 Mcf  × $  3.05 = $1,834,348

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                              $32,977,256

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 08/O/5263 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.