TUBB, J. B., ETAL

Operated by RING ENERGY, INC. (P-5 712382) in the SAND HILLS (TUBB) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 5293District 08Field 80473682Hydrogen sulphide fieldNGPA filingOilCasinghead gasSaveExport
Value, all time
$15.1 M
Jan 1993 – May 2026
Value, last 12 filed months
$1.7 M
at the published price for each month
Months reported
401
no gaps in the span
Streams
2
oil, casinghead gas

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 177 leases and 1,443 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered
1930-12-31
as the register files it
Field class
Oil and gas
the register's own label
Between wells
0 ft
minimum
From a lease line
330 ft
minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 10 acres. The field rule took effect on 2024-12-18.

The register flags this field for hydrogen sulphide. That is a poisonous gas that occurs naturally in some formations. The flag is a property of the field as the Commission records it. It is not a measurement taken at this lease, and it is not a statement that gas is escaping anywhere.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: PRORATION ACRES PLATS AT THEIR OPTION

Severance-tax incentive filings

Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.

ProgrammeFilingsWith an approval dateDatedDocket
NGPA9none

This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

StreamBasisVolumeValue
OilDisposition203,378 bbl$9,551,597
Casinghead gasProduction1,526,996 Mcf$5,515,282
Total$15,066,879

350,266 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 48 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (18)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 31.4566, -102.6578. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 2.1 miles.

31.45690, -102.65759 · centre of the wells drawn, derived

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule
50.0%
9 of 18 wells
With a plug date
16.7%
3 of 18 wells
Median depth
4,549 ft
18 wells filed one
Completion to plug
21.2 years
median over 2 wells

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule
950.0%
A plug date is filed
316.7%
BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.
316.7%
NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.
950.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

Total depth in feet, 18 of 18 wells. Median 4,549 ft, with the middle half between 4,500 and 4,647 ft; the shallowest is 4,347 ft and the deepest 5,770 ft. The median is published rather than the mean, because a single mis-keyed depth moves a mean and cannot move a median.

When they were last completed

Last completion by decade, 17 of 18 wells, Aug 1979 – Nov 2024. This is the LAST completion filed on each wellbore, not the first — a well recompleted in 2019 counts once, in the 2010s.

Completions filed
Aug 1979 – Nov 2024
17 of 18 wells; 1 filed none
Plug dates filed
Nov 1999 – Oct 2023
3 of 18 wells; 15 filed none

Last completion to plug: a median of 21.2 years across the 2 wells that filed both dates, with the middle half between 14.8 years and 27.5 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

18 wells

42-10300828144,420 ftNov 1999Yes
42-103375250801T4,347 ftNov 2024
42-10331085264,500 ftFeb 2022Yes
42-10331918284,500 ftJan 2022Yes
42-10332225324,500 ftOct 2021
42-10331533274,650 ftJul 2021Yes
42-10300831174,500 ftFeb 2021
42-10335293714,639 ftMar 2020
42-10334680705,770 ftOct 2019
42-10334103694,605 ftApr 2019
42-103357451014,665 ftJun 2011
42-10310895194,800 ftAug 2006
42-10332226314,600 ftJul 2003Nov 2011Yes
42-10333695674,806 ftJan 1998Yes
42-10300824104,547 ftJan 1990Yes
42-10332356334,525 ftNov 1989Oct 2023Yes
42-10331086254,500 ftApr 1989Yes
42-1033207929 L4,550 ftAug 1979

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (401)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

401 months

May 20267388,090106.413.05$103,171
Apr 20261,1549,89698.932.87$142,564
Mar 20261,22210,13089.753.15$141,578
Feb 20261,2998,50963.503.75$114,398
Jan 20261,28910,13259.138.00$157,254
Dec 20251,19711,52456.664.41$118,682
Nov 20251,51210,92058.593.93$131,465
Oct 20251,7529,97559.383.30$137,000
Sep 20251,67510,79262.743.08$138,296
Aug 20251,70410,73463.933.01$141,297
Jul 20251,7499,59866.743.32$148,548
Jun 20252,2179,80566.483.13$178,063
May 20252,35710,67460.553.23$177,218
Apr 20252,4019,45062.363.54$183,209
Mar 20253,47011,05467.704.27$282,101
Feb 20253,00510,61270.884.34$259,059
Jan 20253,70013,52574.324.28$332,853
Dec 20244,52811,60968.993.12$348,623
Nov 20242991,04769.052.20$22,948
Oct 20241560671.372.28$2,453
Sep 20241553069.612.36$2,297
Aug 202452175.632.06$421
Jul 202442079.932.15$363
Jun 202469878.082.63$727
May 2024185278.812.20$1,533
Apr 2024591,22984.451.66$7,022
Mar 2024671,23480.301.55$7,287
Feb 2024841,53976.091.78$9,137
Jan 2024631,73373.023.30$10,315
Dec 2023751,45271.262.61$9,135
Nov 2023721,41077.892.81$9,567
Oct 2023921,37585.443.09$12,105
Sep 2023851,27389.042.74$11,050
Aug 202311680980.522.67$11,503
Jul 202311924474.852.64$9,552
Jun 202311623668.962.26$8,532
May 202311290270.622.23$9,919
Apr 202310091678.122.24$9,862
Mar 20231191,58572.852.39$12,462
Feb 20231021,29675.112.47$10,857
Jan 20231041,49276.533.39$13,014
Dec 20221271,48676.415.73$18,217
Nov 20221131,41085.005.65$17,566
Oct 20221701,50687.185.86$23,651
Sep 20221251,55584.888.16$23,305
Aug 20221481,71194.529.13$29,606
Jul 20221261,527101.587.54$24,316
Jun 20221271,419115.097.98$25,936
May 20222381,599109.378.43$39,514
Apr 20222841,315104.226.84$38,590
Mar 20222961,237108.885.08$38,508
Feb 20222911,31391.054.86$32,875
Jan 20222801,45281.844.54$29,504
Dec 20213571,73971.323.90$32,242
Nov 20213412,01377.435.24$36,945
Oct 20213911,88379.795.71$41,957
Sep 20214081,71769.865.35$37,690
Aug 20212991,60466.024.22$26,510
Jul 20211941,71770.783.98$20,569
Jun 20211591,79269.493.38$17,107
May 20212181,78163.483.02$19,213
Apr 20212621,61060.362.76$20,255
Mar 20213042,58461.302.72$25,656
Feb 20215164,58957.805.55$55,284
Jan 20211991,80550.412.81$15,104
Dec 20202912,22244.642.68$18,935
Nov 20202882,52538.772.71$18,000
Oct 20202772,41636.972.48$16,229
Sep 20202561,89337.091.99$13,264
Aug 20203452,02339.982.39$18,618
Jul 20204922,12238.371.83$22,751
Jun 20204051,76934.901.69$17,125
May 2020087916.921.81$1,595
Apr 20203652,29714.751.80$9,528
Mar 20202822,77930.341.86$13,714
Feb 20202392,54049.881.98$16,952
Jan 20203533,12057.252.09$26,745
Dec 20195573,88459.012.30$41,819
Nov 20197354,28555.302.75$52,432
Oct 20193981,68453.472.42$25,354
Sep 20193061,40255.052.66$20,571
Aug 20193391,44053.112.30$21,323
Jul 201928595656.272.46$18,389
Jun 20192091,20252.782.49$14,025
May 201914190558.482.74$10,726
Apr 20196984162.632.75$6,635
Mar 201936694956.803.06$23,695
Feb 201941085550.852.79$23,236
Jan 20195662,77446.033.23$35,008
Dec 20183932,34446.594.19$28,121
Nov 20183931,05652.934.24$25,276
Oct 20181901,54361.443.40$16,917
Sep 2018661,61359.543.11$8,943
Aug 2018241,33059.403.07$5,504
Jul 2018391,13365.142.93$5,862
Jun 20181021,04560.183.08$9,354
May 20181341,23065.382.90$12,329
Apr 2018411,23163.842.90$6,188
Mar 2018651,29961.222.79$7,599
Feb 20181551,17561.782.77$12,826
Jan 2018231,44762.874.01$7,248
Dec 2017201,40357.272.92$5,244
Nov 20171051,37555.423.12$10,107
Oct 2017341,35749.292.98$5,725
Sep 2017181,17447.523.09$4,480
Aug 2017421,15745.373.00$5,382
Jul 2017321,45943.873.09$5,908
Jun 2017511,23742.493.09$5,986
May 2017911,43045.373.26$8,795
Apr 2017401,14047.933.21$5,578
Mar 2017521,73246.772.98$7,600
Feb 2017811,66150.452.95$8,991
Jan 2017812,04549.413.42$10,994
Dec 2016951,06848.763.72$8,608
Nov 2016821,33842.492.64$7,022
Oct 20161481,70446.193.09$12,102
Sep 20161302,06341.553.10$11,798
Aug 20161861,51441.442.92$12,135
Jul 20162471,06541.622.92$13,395
Jun 2016701,48045.352.69$7,150
May 2016761,42042.521.99$6,059
Apr 20161351,95936.561.99$8,836
Mar 20161352,08133.011.79$8,190
Feb 20161371,91326.472.06$7,574
Jan 20161572,19027.352.36$9,472
Dec 20151442,20332.362.00$9,069
Nov 2015991,89638.792.17$7,949
Oct 2015942,16143.552.43$9,338
Sep 2015912,06842.992.76$9,617
Aug 2015752,35240.162.87$9,768
Jul 20151312,52748.152.95$13,750
Jun 2015942,25856.152.88$11,788
May 2015932,72955.212.96$13,200
Apr 2015982,86449.822.71$12,634
Mar 20151152,64542.892.93$12,695
Feb 20151112,01644.662.98$10,957
Jan 2015731,20343.433.10$6,900
Dec 2014741,67754.693.59$10,070
Nov 20141612,23670.464.25$20,851
Oct 20141243,46778.303.90$23,234
Sep 20142073,18786.164.05$30,728
Aug 20142454,24689.394.04$39,034
Jul 20141794,51096.564.18$36,134
Jun 20141154,24098.164.74$31,373
May 20142003,71494.734.73$36,500
Apr 20141693,15795.944.81$31,396
Mar 20141943,34495.895.06$35,513
Feb 20141903,35497.406.19$39,274
Jan 20142133,18590.404.86$34,737
Dec 20131682,65691.824.35$26,991
Nov 20131642,29788.853.74$23,158
Oct 20133462,98197.423.78$44,974
Sep 20133353,615104.113.72$48,316
Aug 20131953,003104.253.52$30,907
Jul 20132203,102102.523.72$34,087
Jun 20131502,25794.403.93$23,038
May 20131902,21694.834.15$27,212
Apr 20132071,91093.964.28$27,629
Mar 20132251,98293.623.91$28,820
Feb 2013821,81991.233.42$13,702
Jan 20131091,64191.603.42$15,596
Dec 20121181,71086.773.42$16,087
Nov 20122541,69186.953.62$28,215
Oct 20121752,82789.383.40$25,252
Sep 20122383,01494.672.92$31,328
Aug 20122393,13792.662.91$31,269
Jul 20122452,46885.133.02$28,312
Jun 20121611,92379.822.52$17,695
May 20122652,52891.612.49$30,567
Apr 20123162,356101.652.00$36,826
Mar 20124012,549105.052.22$47,789
Feb 20122242,822101.102.57$29,900
Jan 20122472,78798.092.73$31,848
Dec 20111822,57796.873.24$25,979
Nov 20113362,83795.723.31$41,556
Oct 20112902,91384.983.65$35,272
Sep 20113793,17983.623.99$44,363
Aug 20113913,70483.404.15$47,978
Jul 20114774,46994.144.52$65,092
Jun 20114664,66992.904.64$64,955
May 20114393,40598.134.40$58,077
Apr 20116262,208105.964.33$75,899
Mar 20116662,99196.364.06$76,311
Feb 20111891,72985.644.18$23,413
Jan 20112722,14186.504.59$33,353
Dec 20103632,74885.734.35$43,068
Nov 20101882,89680.843.80$26,189
Oct 20102402,52278.103.51$27,593
Sep 20102102,48872.633.98$25,153
Aug 20104992,45973.684.42$47,634
Jul 20103361,90672.554.74$33,405
Jun 20103021,90470.364.91$30,598
May 20104052,05171.124.24$37,490
Apr 20102332,43381.694.12$29,064
Mar 20102192,76378.394.39$29,293
Feb 20101572,57873.585.44$25,582
Jan 20101852,92574.365.96$31,202
Dec 20093242,78171.445.48$38,397
Nov 20095133,15974.593.75$50,116
Oct 20091,1704,19472.544.11$102,110
Sep 20092023,67465.543.06$24,499
Aug 20095153,56667.423.22$46,198
Jul 20095743,82961.133.46$48,354
Jun 20095344,11566.163.90$51,357
May 20099413,46354.743.93$65,105
Apr 20094373,20946.773.59$31,951
Mar 20095064,28442.144.06$38,712
Feb 20096643,38832.814.63$37,482
Jan 20097244,12835.865.37$48,134
Dec 20081,3465,14837.105.98$80,707
Nov 20089214,27655.496.86$80,441
Oct 20086324,57075.246.92$79,185
Sep 20085804,521101.767.88$94,633
Aug 20083846,103114.228.48$95,632
Jul 20085735,420131.0811.39$136,840
Jun 20084966,546131.3313.03$150,451
May 20086446,295123.1711.57$152,182
Apr 20086915,380110.3110.45$132,471
Mar 20087915,431101.909.66$133,088
Feb 20086324,88692.538.77$101,332
Jan 20081,1396,22690.388.21$154,032
Dec 20079967,10688.337.30$139,864
Nov 20077937,54791.677.29$127,725
Oct 20079667,77282.856.92$133,831
Sep 20078777,95375.846.24$116,171
Aug 20078067,63869.066.39$104,453
Jul 20071,1247,86070.906.39$129,901
Jun 20079055,40862.007.55$96,932
May 20071,3298,50658.747.85$144,806
Apr 20071,5148,72959.617.81$158,381
Mar 20072,43910,51356.927.30$215,593
Feb 20071,5578,73655.108.22$157,566
Jan 20071,9027,31150.306.73$144,851
Dec 20062413,89456.656.92$40,593
Nov 20063254,63754.207.62$52,937
Oct 20065455,52854.906.01$63,165
Sep 20066805,71560.085.04$69,642
Aug 20062643,42468.717.34$43,271
Jul 20063834,51469.376.34$55,200
Jun 20064344,24366.286.38$55,852
May 20063414,70066.016.42$52,707
Apr 20062964,57064.397.36$52,697
Mar 20063412,77156.707.08$38,961
Feb 20064583,39757.597.75$52,707
Jan 20062883,18260.598.93$45,876
Dec 20052913,13354.9413.42$58,018
Nov 20053734,02654.6910.59$63,028
Oct 20052201,47158.3413.80$33,128
Sep 20052833,26561.4512.08$56,828
Aug 20053473,84561.519.80$59,013
Jul 20053043,46855.697.84$44,132
Jun 20053993,99452.337.38$50,360
May 20053334,04845.226.65$41,982
Apr 20052883,95049.207.36$43,244
Mar 20053893,83150.377.15$47,004
Feb 20053753,74045.226.31$40,564
Jan 20053713,98143.166.32$41,181
Dec 20044173,84239.866.75$42,559
Nov 20043282,64345.286.33$31,583
Oct 20044403,79849.706.52$46,612
Sep 20044423,85043.245.28$39,455
Aug 20043864,06942.375.55$38,940
Jul 20043373,48638.286.08$34,110
Jun 20043813,42736.106.43$35,800
May 20044303,96837.486.49$41,887
Apr 20044194,04234.475.86$38,123
Mar 20044504,04034.365.53$37,804
Feb 20044013,41532.455.51$31,828
Jan 20044723,75032.036.30$38,742
Dec 20034963,64030.266.30$37,947
Nov 20034913,47128.804.60$30,091
Oct 20035283,35228.174.76$30,828
Sep 20035263,78526.314.75$31,815
Aug 20034343,54129.765.13$31,080
Jul 20033112,60129.415.17$22,596
Jun 20033534,03228.565.98$34,205
May 20033173,68526.595.97$30,438
Apr 20033603,65426.675.41$29,359
Mar 20033283,60931.146.10$32,215
Feb 20031973,11133.487.93$31,253
Jan 20033223,64830.315.58$30,123
Dec 20022893,63126.914.85$25,401
Nov 20023393,93024.664.14$24,618
Oct 20022723,05826.464.23$20,130
Sep 20022843,47527.443.64$20,425
Aug 20023413,96725.963.16$21,405
Jul 20023304,26524.583.06$21,170
Jun 20023193,60723.733.34$19,611
May 20023544,25524.663.58$23,980
Apr 20023093,98023.653.51$21,287
Mar 20023824,30122.003.10$21,749
Feb 20025043,29718.222.38$17,016
Jan 20024223,77917.172.38$16,223
Dec 20013983,64216.932.36$15,349
Nov 20013363,66518.072.41$14,888
Oct 20013073,71719.782.53$15,472
Sep 20013013,80524.262.25$15,869
Aug 20012663,59024.873.05$17,576
Jul 20012253,63523.933.20$17,006
Jun 20012883,85424.563.82$21,812
May 20013273,77725.524.31$24,614
Apr 20013083,65724.685.34$27,113
Mar 20013414,43524.545.38$32,213
Feb 20013244,14227.755.77$32,878
Jan 20013194,36127.478.40$45,390
Dec 20003354,41926.889.12$49,317
Nov 20003884,69432.215.66$39,056
Oct 20002543,74731.235.15$27,213
Sep 20004465,10431.875.19$40,686
Aug 20004255,74229.644.54$38,670
Jul 20002755,21728.534.09$29,182
Jun 20002565,49229.304.40$31,651
May 20002776,94227.263.68$33,096
Apr 20002554,33024.513.12$19,742
Mar 20002465,47928.422.86$22,660
Feb 20002765,34827.622.73$22,204
Jan 20002744,76425.272.48$18,741
Dec 19992402,43624.282.42$11,731
Nov 19992182,26823.192.43$10,576
Oct 19992752,12120.982.80$11,716
Sep 19993402,12321.752.62$12,955
Aug 19992462,38819.262.88$11,605
Jul 19993792,49117.892.37$12,690
Jun 19994432,85815.942.36$13,812
May 19994373,28815.792.32$14,532
Apr 19993102,29115.102.21$9,740
Mar 19994013,04912.471.84$10,606
Feb 19993563,1169.981.82$9,217
Jan 19992141,07010.381.90$4,254
Dec 19981481,5429.201.77$4,096
Nov 199826463710.892.19$4,267
Oct 19983552,07612.421.97$8,497
Sep 19983681,35512.592.08$7,455
Aug 19984932,93611.301.91$11,171
Jul 19984893,15211.742.24$12,793
Jun 19985602,65711.242.24$12,239
May 19984153,14512.622.21$12,176
Apr 19984042,91913.042.51$12,581
Mar 19985163,19512.802.31$13,983
Feb 19984573,57713.952.30$14,599
Jan 19985463,62614.702.15$15,839
Dec 19974772,41816.322.41$13,615
Nov 19975652,67818.193.09$18,548
Oct 19974433,41119.253.15$19,272
Sep 19974963,42217.742.95$18,911
Aug 19975024,01017.862.55$19,210
Jul 19975033,78417.582.25$17,345
Jun 19976063,89017.242.26$19,228
May 19975412,05318.972.31$15,002
Apr 19975602,25717.882.08$14,714
Mar 19975762,31618.951.94$15,406
Feb 19975632,29020.492.21$16,587
Jan 19974932,63523.483.54$20,903
Dec 19965612,66523.32$13,083
Nov 199642499221.97$9,315
Oct 19965792,33823.31$13,496
Sep 19964673,03822.22$10,377
Aug 19965264,37220.26$10,657
Jul 19967075,35219.55$13,822
Jun 19965556,24118.73$10,395
May 19969756,64319.43$18,944
Apr 19961,0276,71121.51$22,091
Mar 19961,1136,81519.38$21,570
Feb 19961,0726,54316.98$18,203
Jan 19961,1006,53517.07$18,777
Dec 19951,1887,50117.19$20,422
Nov 19951,3297,92416.00$21,264
Oct 19951,2208,27415.43$18,825
Sep 19951,0436,95216.18$16,876
Aug 19951,2417,00315.92$19,757
Jul 19951,1167,70515.24$17,008
Jun 19951,1477,86416.41$18,822
May 19951,1478,20917.56$20,141
Apr 19951,1927,73817.73$21,134
Mar 19951,1307,64016.44$18,577
Feb 19951,1206,85816.58$18,570
Jan 19951,0946,54415.92$17,416
Dec 19941,1566,91815.03$17,375
Nov 19941,0766,70015.90$17,108
Oct 19941,0876,72215.58$16,935
Sep 19941,0645,70115.29$16,269
Aug 19941,2036,88016.13$19,404
Jul 19941,13011,35317.56$19,843
Jun 19949786,95217.09$16,714
May 19941,2525,22915.88$19,882
Apr 19941,2046,64414.14$17,025
Mar 19941,2467,37312.46$15,525
Feb 19941,2167,08912.50$15,200
Jan 19941,5868,14412.66$20,079
Dec 19931,5067,79212.33$18,569
Nov 19931,3247,56514.49$19,185
Oct 19931,3689,19815.85$21,683
Sep 19931,49511,52815.03$22,470
Aug 19931,4349,03115.66$22,456
Jul 19931,2988,73315.46$20,067
Jun 19931,54511,07516.79$25,941
May 19931,52814,48717.68$27,015
Apr 19931,4909,61018.05$26,895
Mar 19931,5469,54918.14$28,044
Feb 19931,1068,57817.90$19,797
Jan 19931,1548,95816.93$19,537

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

May 2026 — as filed, then multipliedworked
Oil                  738 bbl  × $106.41 =    $78,531
Casinghead gas     8,090 Mcf  × $  3.05 =    $24,641

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                 $103,171

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 08/O/5293 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.