THORNBERRY, LOUELLA

Operated by MUIRFIELD EXPLORATION, LTD. (P-5 593025) in the CLAY COUNTY REGULAR field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 1552District 09Field 18707001OilCasinghead gasSave
Value, all time
$5.7 M
Jan 1993 – May 2026
Value, last 12 filed months
$174 k
at the published price for each month
Months reported
401
no gaps in the span
Streams
2
oil, casinghead gas

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

StreamBasisVolumeValue
OilDisposition100,021 bbl$5,671,932
Casinghead gasProduction61 Mcf$33
Total$5,671,965

48 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 48 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (121)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 34.0178, -98.3732. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.8 miles. 29 wells have no surveyed location and are left out of it.

34.01814, -98.37496 · centre of 92 wells drawn, derived

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule
77.7%
94 of 121 wells
With a plug date
43.0%
52 of 121 wells
Median depth
899 ft
60 wells filed one
Completion to plug
46.3 years
median over 8 wells

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule
9477.7%
A plug date is filed
5243.0%
BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.
5142.1%
NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.
2621.5%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

0k
2k
4k
6k
8k
10k
12k
15k
20k+

Total depth in feet, 60 of 121 wells. Median 899 ft, with the middle half between 333 and 1,286 ft; the shallowest is 120 ft and the deepest 1,389 ft. The median is published rather than the mean, because a single mis-keyed depth moves a mean and cannot move a median.

When they were last completed

50s
60s
70s
80s
90s
00s
10s
20s

Last completion by decade, 15 of 121 wells, Jun 1956 – Aug 2024. This is the LAST completion filed on each wellbore, not the first — a well recompleted in 2019 counts once, in the 2010s.

Completions filed
Jun 1956 – Aug 2024
15 of 121 wells; 106 filed none
Plug dates filed
Jun 1969 – Jul 2025
52 of 121 wells; 69 filed none

Last completion to plug: a median of 46.3 years across the 8 wells that filed both dates, with the middle half between 25.0 years and 56.2 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

121 wells

42-07705168551,105 ftJul 2018Yes
42-07705170571,118 ftAug 2023Yes
42-07705548541,106 ftFeb 2003Yes
42-077057258C210 ftJul 2017Yes
42-0770572829B330 ftAug 2015Yes
42-0770574111C212 ftAug 2021Yes
42-077057455D1,130 ftJul 2025Yes
42-07705837B 9347 ftApr 1996Yes
42-07706115361,385 ftFeb 2003Yes
42-077804166B332 ftJul 2017Yes
42-077804176C220 ftMay 2014Yes
42-077804197D1,130 ftNov 1985Yes
42-077804208334 ftJul 2016Yes
42-077804218B331 ftNov 1985Yes
42-0778042310800 ftJul 2023Yes
42-0778042610C210 ftJul 2017Yes
42-0778042812205 ftNov 1985Yes
42-0778042912B333 ftAug 2010Yes
42-0778043213B210 ftAug 2012Yes
42-0778043314335 ftJul 2023Yes
42-0778043415B210 ftAug 2012Yes
42-0778043516B333 ftNov 1985Yes
42-0778043617B335 ftAug 2012Yes
42-0778043719C212 ftAug 2021Yes
42-0778043820C230 ftJul 2017Yes
42-0778043922B120 ftJul 2017Yes
42-0778044023342 ftNov 1985Yes
42-0778044123B340 ftAug 2012Yes
42-0778044225B350 ftAug 2012Yes
42-0778044326B341 ftNov 1985Yes
42-0778044428B340 ftAug 2012Yes
42-07780447311,300 ftOct 2001Yes
42-07780449331,301 ftAug 2022Yes
42-07780451351,385 ftMay 2014Yes
42-0778045741998 ftJul 2017Yes
42-07780461451,271 ftJul 2017Yes
42-07780462461,265 ftAug 2015Yes
42-07780464481,282 ftAug 2022Yes
42-07780466501,285 ftJul 2016Yes
42-07780471561,111 ftAug 2023Yes
42-0778047459Yes
42-07780475A 3Yes
42-07780476A 5Yes
42-07780477B 3Yes
42-07780478B 4335 ftSep 1986Yes
42-07780479B 5Yes
42-07780480B 6Yes
42-07780481B 7338 ftSep 1986Yes
42-07780482B 8Yes
42-07780484B 10Yes
42-07780485B 12Yes
42-07780486B 13Yes
42-07780487B 14321 ftJul 2023Yes
42-07780488B 15Yes
42-07780489B 16Yes
42-07780490B 22Yes
42-07780491B 23Yes
42-07780492B 25Yes
42-07780493B 26Yes
42-07780494B 28Yes
42-07780495B 29Yes
42-07780496C 2Yes
42-07780497C 4Yes
42-07780498C 6Yes
42-07780499C 7Yes
42-07780501C 10Yes
42-07780502C 11Yes
42-07780503C 13Yes
42-07780504C 14Yes
42-07780505C 19Yes
42-07780506C 20Yes
42-07780507D 1Yes
42-07780508D 2Yes
42-07780509D 3Yes
42-07780510D 4Yes
42-07780511D 5Yes
42-07780512D 6Yes
42-07780513D 7Yes
42-07780514E 1Yes
42-07780515F 1Yes
42-07780516F 3Yes
42-07780517L 1Yes
42-07780518L 2Yes
42-07780519L 3Yes
42-07780520L 4Yes
42-0778282811B335 ftYes
42-0773003132362 ftJun 1969
42-077804091D
42-077804102D
42-077804113D
42-077804124C
42-077804134D
42-077804145
42-077804186D
42-0778042410A
42-0778042510B
42-0778043013
42-0778043113A
42-0778044630
42-0778045337
42-0778045539
42-0778045640
42-0778045943
42-0778046347
42-0778046549
42-0778046853
42-07735297691,366 ftAug 2024
42-07735296681,361 ftFeb 2024
42-07735252671,322 ftJan 2016
42-07735159661,389 ftAug 2012Aug 2015Yes
42-07734977621,225 ftOct 2010
42-07734938651,148 ftApr 2006
42-07734934641,186 ftApr 2006
42-07734883611,360 ftJun 2005Jul 2019Yes
42-07734905631,360 ftMay 2005
42-07720082581,155 ftApr 1967Jul 2023Yes
42-07702563521,321 ftJul 1965Feb 1994Yes
42-07780460441,288 ftJan 1957Aug 2012Yes
42-07703132421,300 ftJan 1957Feb 1994Yes
42-07780450341,302 ftJun 1956Aug 2012Yes
42-07705750381,300 ftJun 1956Aug 2012Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (401)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

401 months

May 20261690106.413.05$17,983
Apr 2026178098.932.87$17,610
Mar 2026347089.753.15$31,143
Feb 2026179063.503.75$11,367
Jan 2026175059.138.00$10,348
Dec 2025359056.664.41$20,341
Nov 2025180058.593.93$10,546
Oct 2025171059.383.30$10,154
Sep 2025180062.743.08$11,293
Aug 2025170063.933.01$10,868
Jul 2025170066.743.32$11,346
Jun 2025171066.483.13$11,368
May 2025179060.553.23$10,838
Apr 2025179062.363.54$11,162
Mar 2025180067.704.27$12,186
Feb 2025175070.884.34$12,404
Jan 2025168074.324.28$12,486
Dec 2024359068.993.12$24,767
Nov 2024178069.052.20$12,291
Oct 2024169071.372.28$12,062
Sep 2024173069.612.36$12,043
Aug 2024350075.632.06$26,471
Jul 2024175079.932.15$13,988
Jun 2024176078.082.63$13,742
May 2024178078.812.20$14,028
Apr 2024344084.451.66$29,051
Mar 2024171080.301.55$13,731
Feb 2024178076.091.78$13,544
Jan 2024344073.023.30$25,119
Dec 2023165071.262.61$11,758
Nov 2023174077.892.81$13,553
Oct 2023161085.443.09$13,756
Sep 2023328089.042.74$29,205
Aug 2023165080.522.67$13,286
Jul 2023161074.852.64$12,051
Jun 2023333068.962.26$22,964
May 2023163070.622.23$11,511
Apr 2023171078.122.24$13,359
Mar 2023167072.852.39$12,166
Feb 2023164075.112.47$12,318
Jan 2023167076.533.39$12,781
Dec 2022169076.415.73$12,913
Nov 2022330085.005.65$28,050
Oct 2022166087.185.86$14,472
Sep 2022164084.888.16$13,920
Aug 2022166094.529.13$15,690
Jul 20221660101.587.54$16,862
Jun 20221710115.097.98$19,680
May 20221710109.378.43$18,702
Apr 20223320104.226.84$34,601
Mar 20221720108.885.08$18,727
Feb 2022170091.054.86$15,479
Jan 2022169081.844.54$13,831
Dec 2021338071.323.90$24,106
Nov 2021170077.435.24$13,163
Oct 2021172079.795.71$13,724
Sep 2021342069.865.35$23,892
Aug 2021171066.024.22$11,289
Jul 2021172070.783.98$12,174
Jun 2021172069.493.38$11,952
May 2021168063.483.02$10,665
Apr 2021170060.362.76$10,261
Mar 2021170061.302.72$10,421
Feb 2021167057.805.55$9,653
Jan 2021168050.412.81$8,469
Dec 2020334044.642.68$14,910
Nov 2020174038.772.71$6,746
Oct 2020166036.972.48$6,137
Sep 2020166037.091.99$6,157
Aug 2020168039.982.39$6,717
Jul 2020341038.371.83$13,084
Jun 20200034.901.69$0
May 20200016.921.81$0
Apr 2020176014.751.80$2,596
Mar 2020337030.341.86$10,225
Feb 2020164049.881.98$8,180
Jan 2020333057.252.09$19,064
Dec 2019173059.012.30$10,209
Nov 2019331055.302.75$18,304
Oct 2019333053.472.42$17,806
Sep 2019168055.052.66$9,248
Aug 2019338053.112.30$17,951
Jul 2019166056.272.46$9,341
Jun 2019330052.782.49$17,417
May 2019328058.482.74$19,181
Apr 2019326062.632.75$20,417
Mar 2019510056.803.06$28,968
Feb 2019166050.852.79$8,441
Jan 2019521046.033.23$23,982
Dec 2018166046.594.19$7,734
Nov 2018511052.934.24$27,047
Oct 2018528061.443.40$32,440
Sep 2018171059.543.11$10,181
Aug 2018516059.403.07$30,650
Jul 2018172065.142.93$11,204
Jun 2018511060.183.08$30,752
May 2018496065.382.90$32,428
Apr 2018492063.842.90$31,409
Mar 2018493061.222.79$30,181
Feb 2018331061.782.77$20,449
Jan 2018511062.874.01$32,127
Dec 2017337057.272.92$19,300
Nov 2017522055.423.12$28,929
Oct 2017665049.292.98$32,778
Sep 2017348047.523.09$16,537
Aug 2017683045.373.00$30,988
Jul 2017512043.873.09$22,461
Jun 2017503042.493.09$21,372
May 2017679045.373.26$30,806
Apr 2017503047.933.21$24,109
Mar 2017502046.772.98$23,479
Feb 2017497050.452.95$25,074
Jan 2017332049.413.42$16,404
Dec 2016340048.763.72$16,578
Nov 2016331042.492.64$14,064
Oct 2016342046.193.09$15,797
Sep 2016341041.553.10$14,169
Aug 2016508041.442.92$21,052
Jul 2016341041.622.92$14,192
Jun 2016329045.352.69$14,920
May 2016333042.521.99$14,159
Apr 2016327036.561.99$11,955
Mar 2016328033.011.79$10,827
Feb 2016333026.472.06$8,815
Jan 2016331027.352.36$9,053
Dec 2015500032.362.00$16,180
Nov 2015162038.792.17$6,284
Oct 2015331043.552.43$14,415
Sep 2015326042.992.76$14,015
Aug 2015340040.162.87$13,654
Jul 2015507048.152.95$24,412
Jun 2015333056.152.88$18,698
May 20150055.212.96$0
Apr 2015495049.822.71$24,661
Mar 2015333042.892.93$14,282
Feb 2015334044.662.98$14,916
Jan 2015345043.433.10$14,983
Dec 2014339054.693.59$18,540
Nov 2014340070.464.25$23,956
Oct 2014337078.303.90$26,387
Sep 2014339086.164.05$29,208
Aug 2014496089.394.04$44,337
Jul 2014338096.564.18$32,637
Jun 2014333098.164.74$32,687
May 2014337094.734.73$31,924
Apr 2014337095.944.81$32,332
Mar 2014511095.895.06$49,000
Feb 2014335097.406.19$32,629
Jan 2014339090.404.86$30,646
Dec 2013342091.824.35$31,402
Nov 2013337088.853.74$29,942
Oct 2013509097.423.78$49,587
Sep 20133420104.113.72$35,606
Aug 20133390104.253.52$35,341
Jul 20133370102.523.72$34,549
Jun 2013337094.403.93$31,813
May 2013329094.834.15$31,199
Apr 2013332093.964.28$31,195
Mar 2013494093.623.91$46,248
Feb 2013338091.233.42$30,836
Jan 2013503091.603.42$46,075
Dec 2012502086.773.42$43,559
Nov 2012492086.953.62$42,779
Oct 2012488089.383.40$43,617
Sep 2012502094.672.92$47,524
Aug 2012341092.662.91$31,597
Jul 2012171085.133.02$14,557
Jun 2012334079.822.52$26,660
May 2012170091.612.49$15,574
Apr 20121700101.652.00$17,281
Mar 20123430105.052.22$36,032
Feb 20123350101.102.57$33,869
Jan 2012167098.092.73$16,381
Dec 2011335096.873.24$32,451
Nov 2011168095.723.31$16,081
Oct 2011331084.983.65$28,128
Sep 2011170083.623.99$14,215
Aug 2011167083.404.15$13,928
Jul 2011334094.144.52$31,443
Jun 2011167092.904.64$15,514
May 2011330098.134.40$32,383
Apr 20113340105.964.33$35,391
Mar 2011162096.364.06$15,610
Feb 2011163085.644.18$13,959
Jan 2011328086.504.59$28,372
Dec 2010334085.734.35$28,634
Nov 2010166080.843.80$13,419
Oct 2010334078.103.51$26,085
Sep 2010166072.633.98$12,057
Aug 2010262073.684.42$19,304
Jul 2010166072.554.74$12,043
Jun 2010330070.364.91$23,219
May 2010164071.124.24$11,664
Apr 2010330081.694.12$26,958
Mar 2010330078.394.39$25,869
Feb 2010332073.585.44$24,429
Jan 2010334074.365.96$24,836
Dec 2009164071.445.48$11,716
Nov 2009329074.593.75$24,540
Oct 2009162072.544.11$11,751
Sep 2009332065.543.06$21,759
Aug 2009331067.423.22$22,316
Jul 2009493061.133.46$30,137
Jun 2009164066.163.90$10,850
May 2009161054.743.93$8,813
Apr 20090046.773.59$0
Mar 2009162042.144.06$6,827
Feb 2009362032.814.63$11,877
Jan 2009348035.865.37$12,479
Dec 2008342037.105.98$12,688
Nov 2008166055.496.86$9,211
Oct 2008337075.246.92$25,356
Sep 20083360101.767.88$34,191
Aug 20081710114.228.48$19,532
Jul 20083470131.0811.39$45,485
Jun 20083400131.3313.03$44,652
May 20081680123.1711.57$20,693
Apr 20085060110.3110.45$55,817
Mar 20083360101.909.66$34,238
Feb 2008342092.538.77$31,645
Jan 2008344090.388.21$31,091
Dec 2007359088.337.30$31,710
Nov 2007355091.677.29$32,543
Oct 2007534082.856.92$44,242
Sep 2007342075.846.24$25,937
Aug 2007343069.066.39$23,688
Jul 2007351070.906.39$24,886
Jun 2007169062.007.55$10,478
May 2007343058.747.85$20,148
Apr 2007517059.617.81$30,818
Mar 2007344056.927.30$19,580
Feb 2007508055.108.22$27,991
Jan 2007340050.306.73$17,102
Dec 2006518056.656.92$29,345
Nov 2006509054.207.62$27,588
Oct 2006512054.906.01$28,109
Sep 2006348060.085.04$20,908
Aug 2006169068.717.34$11,612
Jul 2006334069.376.34$23,170
Jun 2006338066.286.38$22,403
May 2006341066.016.42$22,509
Apr 2006337064.397.36$21,699
Mar 2006336056.707.08$19,051
Feb 2006347057.597.75$19,984
Jan 2006339060.598.93$20,540
Dec 2005166054.9413.42$9,120
Nov 2005345054.6910.59$18,868
Oct 2005342058.3413.80$19,952
Sep 2005318061.4512.08$19,541
Aug 2005354061.519.80$21,775
Jul 2005166055.697.84$9,245
Jun 2005344052.337.38$18,002
May 2005163045.226.65$7,371
Apr 2005166049.207.36$8,167
Mar 2005182050.377.15$9,167
Feb 20050045.226.31$0
Jan 2005143043.166.32$6,172
Dec 20040039.866.75$0
Nov 2004115045.286.33$5,207
Oct 20040049.706.52$0
Sep 20040043.245.28$0
Aug 2004160042.375.55$6,779
Jul 20040038.286.08$0
Jun 2004168036.106.43$6,065
May 20040037.486.49$0
Apr 2004184034.475.86$6,342
Mar 2004172034.365.53$5,910
Feb 2004167032.455.51$5,419
Jan 2004182032.036.30$5,829
Dec 2003184030.266.30$5,568
Nov 2003171028.804.60$4,925
Oct 2003164028.174.76$4,620
Sep 2003187026.314.75$4,920
Aug 2003174029.765.13$5,178
Jul 2003173029.415.17$5,088
Jun 2003175028.565.98$4,998
May 2003175026.595.97$4,653
Apr 2003174026.675.41$4,641
Mar 2003165031.146.10$5,138
Feb 2003175033.487.93$5,859
Jan 20030030.315.58$0
Dec 20020026.914.85$0
Nov 20020024.664.14$0
Oct 20020026.464.23$0
Sep 20020027.443.64$0
Aug 20020025.963.16$0
Jul 20020024.583.06$0
Jun 20020023.733.34$0
May 20020024.663.58$0
Apr 2002147023.653.51$3,477
Mar 20020022.003.10$0
Feb 20020018.222.38$0
Jan 20020017.172.38$0
Dec 2001173016.932.36$2,929
Nov 20010018.072.41$0
Oct 20010019.782.53$0
Sep 20010024.262.25$0
Aug 20010024.873.05$0
Jul 20010023.933.20$0
Jun 2001123024.563.82$3,021
May 20010025.524.31$0
Apr 20010024.685.34$0
Mar 2001129024.545.38$3,166
Feb 2001180027.755.77$4,995
Jan 20010027.478.40$0
Dec 20000026.889.12$0
Nov 20000032.215.66$0
Oct 20000031.235.15$0
Sep 2000125031.875.19$3,984
Aug 20000029.644.54$0
Jul 2000156028.534.09$4,451
Jun 2000124029.304.40$3,633
May 2000179027.263.68$4,880
Apr 20000024.513.12$0
Mar 20000028.422.86$0
Feb 20000027.622.73$0
Jan 20000025.272.48$0
Dec 19990024.282.42$0
Nov 19990023.192.43$0
Oct 19990020.982.80$0
Sep 19990021.752.62$0
Aug 19990019.262.88$0
Jul 19990017.892.37$0
Jun 19990015.942.36$0
May 19990015.792.32$0
Apr 19990015.102.21$0
Mar 19990012.471.84$0
Feb 1999009.981.82$0
Jan 19990010.381.90$0
Dec 1998009.201.77$0
Nov 19980010.892.19$0
Oct 19980012.421.97$0
Sep 19980012.592.08$0
Aug 19980011.301.91$0
Jul 19980011.742.24$0
Jun 19980011.242.24$0
May 199859012.622.21$745
Apr 1998183013.042.51$2,386
Mar 1998182012.802.31$2,330
Feb 1998181013.952.30$2,525
Jan 1998363114.702.15$5,338
Dec 1997363116.322.41$5,927
Nov 1997183118.193.09$3,332
Oct 1997362119.253.15$6,972
Sep 1997362117.742.95$6,425
Aug 1997359117.862.55$6,414
Jul 1997359117.582.25$6,313
Jun 1997182117.242.26$3,140
May 1997364118.972.31$6,907
Apr 1997354117.882.08$6,332
Mar 1997181118.951.94$3,432
Feb 1997183120.492.21$3,752
Jan 1997361123.483.54$8,480
Dec 1996183123.32$4,268
Nov 1996187121.97$4,108
Oct 1996363123.31$8,462
Sep 1996251122.22$5,577
Aug 1996300120.26$6,078
Jul 1996327119.55$6,393
Jun 1996164118.73$3,072
May 1996383119.43$7,442
Apr 1996168121.51$3,614
Mar 1996330119.38$6,395
Feb 1996335116.98$5,688
Jan 1996170117.07$2,902
Dec 1995324117.19$5,570
Nov 1995336116.00$5,376
Oct 1995330115.43$5,092
Sep 199582116.18$1,327
Aug 1995332115.92$5,285
Jul 1995327115.24$4,983
Jun 1995171116.41$2,806
May 1995320117.56$5,619
Apr 1995251117.73$4,450
Mar 1995313116.44$5,146
Feb 1995338116.58$5,604
Jan 1995254115.92$4,044
Dec 1994322115.03$4,840
Nov 1994328115.90$5,215
Oct 1994303115.58$4,721
Sep 1994399115.29$6,101
Aug 1994322116.13$5,194
Jul 1994319117.56$5,602
Jun 1994409117.09$6,990
May 1994332115.88$5,272
Apr 1994423114.14$5,981
Mar 1994344112.46$4,286
Feb 1994349112.50$4,363
Jan 1994348112.66$4,406
Dec 1993347112.33$4,279
Nov 1993347114.49$5,028
Oct 1993340115.85$5,389
Sep 1993338115.03$5,080
Aug 1993339115.66$5,309
Jul 1993424115.46$6,555
Jun 1993427116.79$7,169
May 1993345117.68$6,100
Apr 1993344118.05$6,209
Mar 1993424118.14$7,691
Feb 1993350117.90$6,265
Jan 1993350116.93$5,926

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

May 2026 — as filed, then multipliedworked
Oil                  169 bbl  × $106.41 =    $17,983
Casinghead gas         0 Mcf  × $  3.05 =         $0

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                  $17,983

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 09/O/1552 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.