HUNTER

Name: HUNTER lease production and value, Jan 1993 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by PNG PRODUCTION, LLC (P-5 102497) in the PANHANDLE, EAST field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Gas lease lease 26728District 10Field 68826001NGPA filingGasSave Export

Value, all time

$722 k

Jan 1993 – May 2026

Value, last 12 filed months

$10 k

at the published price for each month

Months reported

401

no gaps in the span

Streams

gas

The PANHANDLE, EAST field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 2,114 leases and 2,114 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1935-12-10

as the register files it

Field class

Gas

the register's own label

Between wells

660 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 160 acres. The field rule took effect on 1989-05-01.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “67% ACRES X SIWP + (PLUS) 33% DELIVERABILITY”

Severance-tax incentive filings

Applications the operator filed to have this lease's gas taxed at a reduced state rate. A filing is an application, and this page never calls one a reduction that was granted.

Programme	Filings	With an approval date	Dated	Docket
NGPA	1	none	—	—

This says nothing about a royalty. A severance tax is charged to the operator. Whether a reduced rate reaches a royalty owner depends on the wording of the lease instrument, which is a private contract this site does not hold.

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Gas	Production	195,706 Mcf	$722,105
Total			$722,105

31,441 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 48 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (1)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

0.0%

0 of 1 wells

With a plug date

0.0%

0 of 1 wells

Median depth

—

no depth filed

Completion to plug

—

no well filed both dates

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

00.0%

A plug date is filed

00.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

00.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

1100.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

1 well


42-48380180	1	—	—	—	—

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (401)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

401 months


May 2026	194	106.41	3.05	$591
Apr 2026	214	98.93	2.87	$614
Mar 2026	201	89.75	3.15	$633
Feb 2026	180	63.50	3.75	$675
Jan 2026	222	59.13	8.00	$1,776
Dec 2025	245	56.66	4.41	$1,081
Nov 2025	248	58.59	3.93	$974
Oct 2025	236	59.38	3.30	$780
Sep 2025	226	62.74	3.08	$695
Aug 2025	227	63.93	3.01	$684
Jul 2025	234	66.74	3.32	$776
Jun 2025	283	66.48	3.13	$885
May 2025	210	60.55	3.23	$679
Apr 2025	196	62.36	3.54	$694
Mar 2025	196	67.70	4.27	$837
Feb 2025	146	70.88	4.34	$634
Jan 2025	209	74.32	4.28	$894
Dec 2024	43	68.99	3.12	$134
Nov 2024	220	69.05	2.20	$484
Oct 2024	143	71.37	2.28	$326
Sep 2024	111	69.61	2.36	$262
Aug 2024	271	75.63	2.06	$559
Jul 2024	197	79.93	2.15	$423
Jun 2024	1	78.08	2.63	$3
May 2024	1	78.81	2.20	$2
Apr 2024	2	84.45	1.66	$3
Mar 2024	1	80.30	1.55	$2
Feb 2024	0	76.09	1.78	$0
Jan 2024	4	73.02	3.30	$13
Dec 2023	100	71.26	2.61	$261
Nov 2023	159	77.89	2.81	$446
Oct 2023	326	85.44	3.09	$1,006
Sep 2023	327	89.04	2.74	$894
Aug 2023	336	80.52	2.67	$898
Jul 2023	331	74.85	2.64	$874
Jun 2023	302	68.96	2.26	$682
May 2023	313	70.62	2.23	$697
Apr 2023	283	78.12	2.24	$633
Mar 2023	242	72.85	2.39	$579
Feb 2023	268	75.11	2.47	$661
Jan 2023	348	76.53	3.39	$1,179
Dec 2022	351	76.41	5.73	$2,011
Nov 2022	311	85.00	5.65	$1,756
Oct 2022	296	87.18	5.86	$1,736
Sep 2022	300	84.88	8.16	$2,449
Aug 2022	296	94.52	9.13	$2,702
Jul 2022	293	101.58	7.54	$2,210
Jun 2022	277	115.09	7.98	$2,210
May 2022	303	109.37	8.43	$2,555
Apr 2022	311	104.22	6.84	$2,126
Mar 2022	330	108.88	5.08	$1,675
Feb 2022	312	91.05	4.86	$1,516
Jan 2022	169	81.84	4.54	$767
Dec 2021	344	71.32	3.90	$1,341
Nov 2021	304	77.43	5.24	$1,592
Oct 2021	326	79.79	5.71	$1,863
Sep 2021	333	69.86	5.35	$1,782
Aug 2021	359	66.02	4.22	$1,515
Jul 2021	341	70.78	3.98	$1,358
Jun 2021	328	69.49	3.38	$1,109
May 2021	351	63.48	3.02	$1,059
Apr 2021	383	60.36	2.76	$1,056
Mar 2021	352	61.30	2.72	$956
Feb 2021	229	57.80	5.55	$1,270
Jan 2021	386	50.41	2.81	$1,085
Dec 2020	387	44.64	2.68	$1,035
Nov 2020	400	38.77	2.71	$1,083
Oct 2020	381	36.97	2.48	$944
Sep 2020	364	37.09	1.99	$725
Aug 2020	368	39.98	2.39	$878
Jul 2020	355	38.37	1.83	$648
Jun 2020	372	34.90	1.69	$629
May 2020	350	16.92	1.81	$635
Apr 2020	403	14.75	1.80	$727
Mar 2020	318	30.34	1.86	$590
Feb 2020	364	49.88	1.98	$721
Jan 2020	357	57.25	2.09	$748
Dec 2019	352	59.01	2.30	$811
Nov 2019	338	55.30	2.75	$930
Oct 2019	380	53.47	2.42	$919
Sep 2019	173	55.05	2.66	$460
Aug 2019	0	53.11	2.30	$0
Jul 2019	257	56.27	2.46	$632
Jun 2019	322	52.78	2.49	$802
May 2019	330	58.48	2.74	$904
Apr 2019	339	62.63	2.75	$932
Mar 2019	350	56.80	3.06	$1,072
Feb 2019	305	50.85	2.79	$852
Jan 2019	366	46.03	3.23	$1,182
Dec 2018	345	46.59	4.19	$1,444
Nov 2018	318	52.93	4.24	$1,347
Oct 2018	354	61.44	3.40	$1,203
Sep 2018	282	59.54	3.11	$876
Aug 2018	268	59.40	3.07	$822
Jul 2018	322	65.14	2.93	$944
Jun 2018	378	60.18	3.08	$1,163
May 2018	429	65.38	2.90	$1,244
Apr 2018	361	63.84	2.90	$1,047
Mar 2018	378	61.22	2.79	$1,053
Feb 2018	266	61.78	2.77	$736
Jan 2018	336	62.87	4.01	$1,347
Dec 2017	315	57.27	2.92	$920
Nov 2017	316	55.42	3.12	$985
Oct 2017	400	49.29	2.98	$1,193
Sep 2017	293	47.52	3.09	$905
Aug 2017	363	45.37	3.00	$1,091
Jul 2017	416	43.87	3.09	$1,284
Jun 2017	314	42.49	3.09	$969
May 2017	394	45.37	3.26	$1,286
Apr 2017	436	47.93	3.21	$1,400
Mar 2017	415	46.77	2.98	$1,238
Feb 2017	357	50.45	2.95	$1,054
Jan 2017	358	49.41	3.42	$1,224
Dec 2016	367	48.76	3.72	$1,366
Nov 2016	488	42.49	2.64	$1,290
Oct 2016	343	46.19	3.09	$1,060
Sep 2016	290	41.55	3.10	$899
Aug 2016	423	41.44	2.92	$1,237
Jul 2016	447	41.62	2.92	$1,307
Jun 2016	511	45.35	2.69	$1,372
May 2016	507	42.52	1.99	$1,009
Apr 2016	365	36.56	1.99	$727
Mar 2016	400	33.01	1.79	$718
Feb 2016	364	26.47	2.06	$751
Jan 2016	455	27.35	2.36	$1,076
Dec 2015	382	32.36	2.00	$765
Nov 2015	422	38.79	2.17	$915
Oct 2015	390	43.55	2.43	$946
Sep 2015	440	42.99	2.76	$1,214
Aug 2015	473	40.16	2.87	$1,359
Jul 2015	327	48.15	2.95	$963
Jun 2015	417	56.15	2.88	$1,202
May 2015	415	55.21	2.96	$1,227
Apr 2015	427	49.82	2.71	$1,156
Mar 2015	452	42.89	2.93	$1,326
Feb 2015	328	44.66	2.98	$976
Jan 2015	332	43.43	3.10	$1,029
Dec 2014	245	54.69	3.59	$880
Nov 2014	406	70.46	4.25	$1,726
Oct 2014	415	78.30	3.90	$1,619
Sep 2014	533	86.16	4.05	$2,156
Aug 2014	416	89.39	4.04	$1,679
Jul 2014	411	96.56	4.18	$1,718
Jun 2014	447	98.16	4.74	$2,117
May 2014	388	94.73	4.73	$1,834
Apr 2014	369	95.94	4.81	$1,775
Mar 2014	363	95.89	5.06	$1,836
Feb 2014	321	97.40	6.19	$1,988
Jan 2014	451	90.40	4.86	$2,192
Dec 2013	431	91.82	4.35	$1,877
Nov 2013	446	88.85	3.74	$1,667
Oct 2013	476	97.42	3.78	$1,799
Sep 2013	462	104.11	3.72	$1,718
Aug 2013	450	104.25	3.52	$1,585
Jul 2013	467	102.52	3.72	$1,736
Jun 2013	435	94.40	3.93	$1,711
May 2013	435	94.83	4.15	$1,805
Apr 2013	430	93.96	4.28	$1,842
Mar 2013	452	93.62	3.91	$1,769
Feb 2013	418	91.23	3.42	$1,430
Jan 2013	444	91.60	3.42	$1,518
Dec 2012	484	86.77	3.42	$1,655
Nov 2012	471	86.95	3.62	$1,707
Oct 2012	515	89.38	3.40	$1,751
Sep 2012	469	94.67	2.92	$1,369
Aug 2012	419	92.66	2.91	$1,219
Jul 2012	511	85.13	3.02	$1,544
Jun 2012	318	79.82	2.52	$801
May 2012	422	91.61	2.49	$1,050
Apr 2012	460	101.65	2.00	$919
Mar 2012	453	105.05	2.22	$1,007
Feb 2012	424	101.10	2.57	$1,090
Jan 2012	529	98.09	2.73	$1,446
Dec 2011	449	96.87	3.24	$1,455
Nov 2011	538	95.72	3.31	$1,781
Oct 2011	491	84.98	3.65	$1,791
Sep 2011	392	83.62	3.99	$1,562
Aug 2011	471	83.40	4.15	$1,954
Jul 2011	452	94.14	4.52	$2,042
Jun 2011	393	92.90	4.64	$1,823
May 2011	335	98.13	4.40	$1,476
Apr 2011	296	105.96	4.33	$1,283
Mar 2011	406	96.36	4.06	$1,647
Feb 2011	406	85.64	4.18	$1,697
Jan 2011	492	86.50	4.59	$2,258
Dec 2010	469	85.73	4.35	$2,039
Nov 2010	565	80.84	3.80	$2,144
Oct 2010	442	78.10	3.51	$1,551
Sep 2010	405	72.63	3.98	$1,612
Aug 2010	469	73.68	4.42	$2,073
Jul 2010	385	72.55	4.74	$1,824
Jun 2010	393	70.36	4.91	$1,930
May 2010	435	71.12	4.24	$1,842
Apr 2010	380	81.69	4.12	$1,567
Mar 2010	467	78.39	4.39	$2,050
Feb 2010	401	73.58	5.44	$2,182
Jan 2010	489	74.36	5.96	$2,916
Dec 2009	519	71.44	5.48	$2,846
Nov 2009	494	74.59	3.75	$1,853
Oct 2009	518	72.54	4.11	$2,129
Sep 2009	466	65.54	3.06	$1,428
Aug 2009	495	67.42	3.22	$1,593
Jul 2009	470	61.13	3.46	$1,628
Jun 2009	447	66.16	3.90	$1,741
May 2009	454	54.74	3.93	$1,782
Apr 2009	437	46.77	3.59	$1,568
Mar 2009	542	42.14	4.06	$2,200
Feb 2009	467	32.81	4.63	$2,164
Jan 2009	487	35.86	5.37	$2,616
Dec 2008	561	37.10	5.98	$3,353
Nov 2008	573	55.49	6.86	$3,931
Oct 2008	550	75.24	6.92	$3,807
Sep 2008	613	101.76	7.88	$4,829
Aug 2008	306	114.22	8.48	$2,596
Jul 2008	293	131.08	11.39	$3,337
Jun 2008	318	131.33	13.03	$4,144
May 2008	504	123.17	11.57	$5,833
Apr 2008	492	110.31	10.45	$5,144
Mar 2008	530	101.90	9.66	$5,122
Feb 2008	484	92.53	8.77	$4,245
Jan 2008	532	90.38	8.21	$4,365
Dec 2007	613	88.33	7.30	$4,476
Nov 2007	552	91.67	7.29	$4,025
Oct 2007	529	82.85	6.92	$3,662
Sep 2007	363	75.84	6.24	$2,267
Aug 2007	421	69.06	6.39	$2,689
Jul 2007	480	70.90	6.39	$3,066
Jun 2007	358	62.00	7.55	$2,702
May 2007	320	58.74	7.85	$2,511
Apr 2007	487	59.61	7.81	$3,801
Mar 2007	400	56.92	7.30	$2,921
Feb 2007	507	55.10	8.22	$4,166
Jan 2007	553	50.30	6.73	$3,720
Dec 2006	590	56.65	6.92	$4,082
Nov 2006	583	54.20	7.62	$4,441
Oct 2006	525	54.90	6.01	$3,157
Sep 2006	321	60.08	5.04	$1,617
Aug 2006	388	68.71	7.34	$2,848
Jul 2006	447	69.37	6.34	$2,835
Jun 2006	98	66.28	6.38	$626
May 2006	596	66.01	6.42	$3,829
Apr 2006	468	64.39	7.36	$3,445
Mar 2006	563	56.70	7.08	$3,988
Feb 2006	586	57.59	7.75	$4,542
Jan 2006	567	60.59	8.93	$5,065
Dec 2005	729	54.94	13.42	$9,780
Nov 2005	669	54.69	10.59	$7,084
Oct 2005	750	58.34	13.80	$10,347
Sep 2005	531	61.45	12.08	$6,414
Aug 2005	597	61.51	9.80	$5,849
Jul 2005	671	55.69	7.84	$5,263
Jun 2005	584	52.33	7.38	$4,311
May 2005	497	45.22	6.65	$3,306
Apr 2005	728	49.20	7.36	$5,358
Mar 2005	714	50.37	7.15	$5,109
Feb 2005	761	45.22	6.31	$4,803
Jan 2005	1,014	43.16	6.32	$6,411
Dec 2004	876	39.86	6.75	$5,914
Nov 2004	866	45.28	6.33	$5,482
Oct 2004	735	49.70	6.52	$4,789
Sep 2004	462	43.24	5.28	$2,441
Aug 2004	449	42.37	5.55	$2,492
Jul 2004	587	38.28	6.08	$3,571
Jun 2004	487	36.10	6.43	$3,133
May 2004	638	37.48	6.49	$4,144
Apr 2004	556	34.47	5.86	$3,257
Mar 2004	612	34.36	5.53	$3,384
Feb 2004	635	32.45	5.51	$3,499
Jan 2004	932	32.03	6.30	$5,871
Dec 2003	605	30.26	6.30	$3,812
Nov 2003	766	28.80	4.60	$3,520
Oct 2003	299	28.17	4.76	$1,423
Sep 2003	125	26.31	4.75	$594
Aug 2003	231	29.76	5.13	$1,185
Jul 2003	475	29.41	5.17	$2,456
Jun 2003	645	28.56	5.98	$3,859
May 2003	781	26.59	5.97	$4,665
Apr 2003	699	26.67	5.41	$3,780
Mar 2003	658	31.14	6.10	$4,011
Feb 2003	581	33.48	7.93	$4,605
Jan 2003	720	30.31	5.58	$4,019
Dec 2002	609	26.91	4.85	$2,956
Nov 2002	652	24.66	4.14	$2,697
Oct 2002	778	26.46	4.23	$3,290
Sep 2002	545	27.44	3.64	$1,981
Aug 2002	580	25.96	3.16	$1,835
Jul 2002	524	24.58	3.06	$1,604
Jun 2002	525	23.73	3.34	$1,753
May 2002	601	24.66	3.58	$2,154
Apr 2002	613	23.65	3.51	$2,153
Mar 2002	823	22.00	3.10	$2,554
Feb 2002	719	18.22	2.38	$1,708
Jan 2002	733	17.17	2.38	$1,741
Dec 2001	978	16.93	2.36	$2,312
Nov 2001	839	18.07	2.41	$2,018
Oct 2001	1,017	19.78	2.53	$2,572
Sep 2001	242	24.26	2.25	$545
Aug 2001	1	24.87	3.05	$3
Jul 2001	1	23.93	3.20	$3
Jun 2001	470	24.56	3.82	$1,797
May 2001	1,219	25.52	4.31	$5,251
Apr 2001	1,525	24.68	5.34	$8,136
Mar 2001	1,120	24.54	5.38	$6,022
Feb 2001	1,058	27.75	5.77	$6,102
Jan 2001	1,376	27.47	8.40	$11,557
Dec 2000	938	26.88	9.12	$8,557
Nov 2000	1,282	32.21	5.66	$7,254
Oct 2000	856	31.23	5.15	$4,405
Sep 2000	506	31.87	5.19	$2,624
Aug 2000	417	29.64	4.54	$1,893
Jul 2000	677	28.53	4.09	$2,769
Jun 2000	208	29.30	4.40	$915
May 2000	417	27.26	3.68	$1,534
Apr 2000	390	24.51	3.12	$1,215
Mar 2000	785	28.42	2.86	$2,245
Feb 2000	819	27.62	2.73	$2,233
Jan 2000	964	25.27	2.48	$2,391
Dec 1999	1,041	24.28	2.42	$2,523
Nov 1999	953	23.19	2.43	$2,320
Oct 1999	1	20.98	2.80	$3
Sep 1999	269	21.75	2.62	$704
Aug 1999	1	19.26	2.88	$3
Jul 1999	283	17.89	2.37	$671
Jun 1999	1,074	15.94	2.36	$2,537
May 1999	780	15.79	2.32	$1,810
Apr 1999	920	15.10	2.21	$2,031
Mar 1999	1,003	12.47	1.84	$1,844
Feb 1999	823	9.98	1.82	$1,496
Jan 1999	990	10.38	1.90	$1,881
Dec 1998	1,266	9.20	1.77	$2,245
Nov 1998	700	10.89	2.19	$1,530
Oct 1998	872	12.42	1.97	$1,717
Sep 1998	641	12.59	2.08	$1,335
Aug 1998	221	11.30	1.91	$422
Jul 1998	149	11.74	2.24	$333
Jun 1998	113	11.24	2.24	$253
May 1998	710	12.62	2.21	$1,567
Apr 1998	1,060	13.04	2.51	$2,656
Mar 1998	789	12.80	2.31	$1,822
Feb 1998	901	13.95	2.30	$2,072
Jan 1998	968	14.70	2.15	$2,086
Dec 1997	1,219	16.32	2.41	$2,939
Nov 1997	947	18.19	3.09	$2,925
Oct 1997	1,185	19.25	3.15	$3,733
Sep 1997	143	17.74	2.95	$423
Aug 1997	439	17.86	2.55	$1,122
Jul 1997	219	17.58	2.25	$492
Jun 1997	665	17.24	2.26	$1,501
May 1997	217	18.97	2.31	$501
Apr 1997	968	17.88	2.08	$2,016
Mar 1997	833	18.95	1.94	$1,615
Feb 1997	946	20.49	2.21	$2,087
Jan 1997	919	23.48	3.54	$3,253
Dec 1996	1,121	23.32	—	$0
Nov 1996	999	21.97	—	$0
Oct 1996	735	23.31	—	$0
Sep 1996	360	22.22	—	$0
Aug 1996	201	20.26	—	$0
Jul 1996	1	19.55	—	$0
Jun 1996	1	18.73	—	$0
May 1996	459	19.43	—	$0
Apr 1996	384	21.51	—	$0
Mar 1996	237	19.38	—	$0
Feb 1996	643	16.98	—	$0
Jan 1996	1,042	17.07	—	$0
Dec 1995	831	17.19	—	$0
Nov 1995	1,333	16.00	—	$0
Oct 1995	601	15.43	—	$0
Sep 1995	308	16.18	—	$0
Aug 1995	74	15.92	—	$0
Jul 1995	266	15.24	—	$0
Jun 1995	116	16.41	—	$0
May 1995	880	17.56	—	$0
Apr 1995	797	17.73	—	$0
Mar 1995	773	16.44	—	$0
Feb 1995	1,194	16.58	—	$0
Jan 1995	1,140	15.92	—	$0
Dec 1994	1,176	15.03	—	$0
Nov 1994	1,057	15.90	—	$0
Oct 1994	1,057	15.58	—	$0
Sep 1994	174	15.29	—	$0
Aug 1994	179	16.13	—	$0
Jul 1994	201	17.56	—	$0
Jun 1994	266	17.09	—	$0
May 1994	712	15.88	—	$0
Apr 1994	779	14.14	—	$0
Mar 1994	1,185	12.46	—	$0
Feb 1994	1,124	12.50	—	$0
Jan 1994	1,282	12.66	—	$0
Dec 1993	1,282	12.33	—	$0
Nov 1993	1,040	14.49	—	$0
Oct 1993	1,030	15.85	—	$0
Sep 1993	80	15.03	—	$0
Aug 1993	347	15.66	—	$0
Jul 1993	320	15.46	—	$0
Jun 1993	428	16.79	—	$0
May 1993	270	17.68	—	$0
Apr 1993	328	18.05	—	$0
Mar 1993	1,059	18.14	—	$0
Feb 1993	739	17.90	—	$0
Jan 1993	830	16.93	—	$0

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

May 2026 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Gas                  194 Mcf  × $  3.05 =       $591

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                     $591

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 10/G/26728 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.