DOUGLAS, -28-

Name: DOUGLAS, -28- lease production and value, Nov 1995 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by APACHE CORPORATION (P-5 27200) in the SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 13913District 7CField 85279200OilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$969 k

Nov 1995 – Apr 2025

Value, last 12 filed months

at the published price for each month

Months reported

354

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The SPRABERRY (TREND AREA) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 7,461 leases and 22,481 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1904-12-31

as the register files it

Field class

Oil and gas

the register's own label

Between wells

0 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 80 acres. The field rule took effect on 2016-03-08.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “AREA) 85279200.”

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	7,845 bbl	$230,661
Casinghead gas	Production	204,875 Mcf	$738,130
Total			$968,791

31,087 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 14 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (2)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 31.5324, -101.6432. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.5 miles.

31.53243, -101.64323 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

100.0%

2 of 2 wells

With a plug date

100.0%

2 of 2 wells

Median depth

8,174 ft

2 wells filed one

Completion to plug

47.9 years

median over 2 wells

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

2100.0%

A plug date is filed

2100.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

2100.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

00.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

Between 8,160 and 8,187 ft, median 8,174 ft, over the 2 wells that filed a depth.

Completions filed

Jul 1970 – Aug 1970

2 of 2 wells

Plug dates filed

Aug 2011 – Apr 2025

2 of 2 wells

Last completion to plug: a median of 47.9 years across the 2 wells that filed both dates, with the middle half between 44.5 years and 51.3 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

2 wells


42-38301625	2	8,160 ft	Aug 1970	Apr 2025	Yes
42-38301624	1	8,187 ft	Jul 1970	Aug 2011	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (354)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

354 months


Apr 2025	0	0	62.36	3.54	$0
Mar 2025	0	0	67.70	4.27	$0
Feb 2025	0	0	70.88	4.34	$0
Jan 2025	0	0	74.32	4.28	$0
Dec 2024	0	0	68.99	3.12	$0
Nov 2024	0	0	69.05	2.20	$0
Oct 2024	0	0	71.37	2.28	$0
Sep 2024	0	0	69.61	2.36	$0
Aug 2024	0	0	75.63	2.06	$0
Jul 2024	0	0	79.93	2.15	$0
Jun 2024	0	0	78.08	2.63	$0
May 2024	0	0	78.81	2.20	$0
Apr 2024	0	0	84.45	1.66	$0
Mar 2024	0	0	80.30	1.55	$0
Feb 2024	0	0	76.09	1.78	$0
Jan 2024	0	0	73.02	3.30	$0
Dec 2023	0	0	71.26	2.61	$0
Nov 2023	0	0	77.89	2.81	$0
Oct 2023	0	0	85.44	3.09	$0
Sep 2023	0	0	89.04	2.74	$0
Aug 2023	0	0	80.52	2.67	$0
Jul 2023	0	0	74.85	2.64	$0
Jun 2023	0	0	68.96	2.26	$0
May 2023	0	0	70.62	2.23	$0
Apr 2023	0	0	78.12	2.24	$0
Mar 2023	0	0	72.85	2.39	$0
Feb 2023	0	0	75.11	2.47	$0
Jan 2023	0	0	76.53	3.39	$0
Dec 2022	0	0	76.41	5.73	$0
Nov 2022	0	0	85.00	5.65	$0
Oct 2022	0	0	87.18	5.86	$0
Sep 2022	0	0	84.88	8.16	$0
Aug 2022	0	0	94.52	9.13	$0
Jul 2022	0	0	101.58	7.54	$0
Jun 2022	0	0	115.09	7.98	$0
May 2022	0	0	109.37	8.43	$0
Apr 2022	0	0	104.22	6.84	$0
Mar 2022	0	0	108.88	5.08	$0
Feb 2022	0	0	91.05	4.86	$0
Jan 2022	0	0	81.84	4.54	$0
Dec 2021	0	0	71.32	3.90	$0
Nov 2021	0	0	77.43	5.24	$0
Oct 2021	0	0	79.79	5.71	$0
Sep 2021	0	0	69.86	5.35	$0
Aug 2021	0	0	66.02	4.22	$0
Jul 2021	0	0	70.78	3.98	$0
Jun 2021	0	0	69.49	3.38	$0
May 2021	0	0	63.48	3.02	$0
Apr 2021	0	0	60.36	2.76	$0
Mar 2021	0	0	61.30	2.72	$0
Feb 2021	0	0	57.80	5.55	$0
Jan 2021	0	0	50.41	2.81	$0
Dec 2020	0	0	44.64	2.68	$0
Nov 2020	0	0	38.77	2.71	$0
Oct 2020	0	0	36.97	2.48	$0
Sep 2020	0	0	37.09	1.99	$0
Aug 2020	0	0	39.98	2.39	$0
Jul 2020	0	0	38.37	1.83	$0
Jun 2020	0	0	34.90	1.69	$0
May 2020	0	0	16.92	1.81	$0
Apr 2020	0	0	14.75	1.80	$0
Mar 2020	0	0	30.34	1.86	$0
Feb 2020	0	0	49.88	1.98	$0
Jan 2020	0	0	57.25	2.09	$0
Dec 2019	0	0	59.01	2.30	$0
Nov 2019	0	0	55.30	2.75	$0
Oct 2019	0	0	53.47	2.42	$0
Sep 2019	0	0	55.05	2.66	$0
Aug 2019	0	0	53.11	2.30	$0
Jul 2019	0	0	56.27	2.46	$0
Jun 2019	0	0	52.78	2.49	$0
May 2019	0	0	58.48	2.74	$0
Apr 2019	0	0	62.63	2.75	$0
Mar 2019	0	0	56.80	3.06	$0
Feb 2019	0	0	50.85	2.79	$0
Jan 2019	0	0	46.03	3.23	$0
Dec 2018	0	0	46.59	4.19	$0
Nov 2018	0	0	52.93	4.24	$0
Oct 2018	0	0	61.44	3.40	$0
Sep 2018	0	0	59.54	3.11	$0
Aug 2018	0	0	59.40	3.07	$0
Jul 2018	0	0	65.14	2.93	$0
Jun 2018	0	0	60.18	3.08	$0
May 2018	0	0	65.38	2.90	$0
Apr 2018	0	0	63.84	2.90	$0
Mar 2018	0	0	61.22	2.79	$0
Feb 2018	0	0	61.78	2.77	$0
Jan 2018	0	0	62.87	4.01	$0
Dec 2017	0	0	57.27	2.92	$0
Nov 2017	0	0	55.42	3.12	$0
Oct 2017	0	0	49.29	2.98	$0
Sep 2017	0	0	47.52	3.09	$0
Aug 2017	0	0	45.37	3.00	$0
Jul 2017	0	0	43.87	3.09	$0
Jun 2017	0	0	42.49	3.09	$0
May 2017	0	0	45.37	3.26	$0
Apr 2017	0	0	47.93	3.21	$0
Mar 2017	0	0	46.77	2.98	$0
Feb 2017	0	0	50.45	2.95	$0
Jan 2017	0	0	49.41	3.42	$0
Dec 2016	0	0	48.76	3.72	$0
Nov 2016	0	0	42.49	2.64	$0
Oct 2016	0	0	46.19	3.09	$0
Sep 2016	0	0	41.55	3.10	$0
Aug 2016	0	0	41.44	2.92	$0
Jul 2016	0	0	41.62	2.92	$0
Jun 2016	0	0	45.35	2.69	$0
May 2016	0	0	42.52	1.99	$0
Apr 2016	0	0	36.56	1.99	$0
Mar 2016	0	0	33.01	1.79	$0
Feb 2016	0	0	26.47	2.06	$0
Jan 2016	0	0	27.35	2.36	$0
Dec 2015	0	0	32.36	2.00	$0
Nov 2015	0	0	38.79	2.17	$0
Oct 2015	0	0	43.55	2.43	$0
Sep 2015	0	0	42.99	2.76	$0
Aug 2015	0	0	40.16	2.87	$0
Jul 2015	0	0	48.15	2.95	$0
Jun 2015	0	0	56.15	2.88	$0
May 2015	0	0	55.21	2.96	$0
Apr 2015	0	0	49.82	2.71	$0
Mar 2015	0	0	42.89	2.93	$0
Feb 2015	0	0	44.66	2.98	$0
Jan 2015	0	0	43.43	3.10	$0
Dec 2014	0	0	54.69	3.59	$0
Nov 2014	0	0	70.46	4.25	$0
Oct 2014	0	0	78.30	3.90	$0
Sep 2014	0	0	86.16	4.05	$0
Aug 2014	0	0	89.39	4.04	$0
Jul 2014	0	0	96.56	4.18	$0
Jun 2014	0	0	98.16	4.74	$0
May 2014	0	0	94.73	4.73	$0
Apr 2014	0	0	95.94	4.81	$0
Mar 2014	0	0	95.89	5.06	$0
Feb 2014	0	0	97.40	6.19	$0
Jan 2014	0	0	90.40	4.86	$0
Dec 2013	0	0	91.82	4.35	$0
Nov 2013	0	0	88.85	3.74	$0
Oct 2013	0	0	97.42	3.78	$0
Sep 2013	0	0	104.11	3.72	$0
Aug 2013	0	0	104.25	3.52	$0
Jul 2013	0	0	102.52	3.72	$0
Jun 2013	0	0	94.40	3.93	$0
May 2013	0	0	94.83	4.15	$0
Apr 2013	0	0	93.96	4.28	$0
Mar 2013	0	0	93.62	3.91	$0
Feb 2013	0	0	91.23	3.42	$0
Jan 2013	0	0	91.60	3.42	$0
Dec 2012	0	0	86.77	3.42	$0
Nov 2012	0	0	86.95	3.62	$0
Oct 2012	0	0	89.38	3.40	$0
Sep 2012	0	0	94.67	2.92	$0
Aug 2012	0	0	92.66	2.91	$0
Jul 2012	0	0	85.13	3.02	$0
Jun 2012	0	0	79.82	2.52	$0
May 2012	0	0	91.61	2.49	$0
Apr 2012	0	0	101.65	2.00	$0
Mar 2012	0	0	105.05	2.22	$0
Feb 2012	0	0	101.10	2.57	$0
Jan 2012	0	0	98.09	2.73	$0
Dec 2011	0	0	96.87	3.24	$0
Nov 2011	0	0	95.72	3.31	$0
Oct 2011	0	0	84.98	3.65	$0
Sep 2011	0	0	83.62	3.99	$0
Aug 2011	0	0	83.40	4.15	$0
Jul 2011	0	0	94.14	4.52	$0
Jun 2011	0	0	92.90	4.64	$0
May 2011	0	0	98.13	4.40	$0
Apr 2011	0	0	105.96	4.33	$0
Mar 2011	0	0	96.36	4.06	$0
Feb 2011	0	0	85.64	4.18	$0
Jan 2011	0	0	86.50	4.59	$0
Dec 2010	0	0	85.73	4.35	$0
Nov 2010	0	0	80.84	3.80	$0
Oct 2010	0	0	78.10	3.51	$0
Sep 2010	0	0	72.63	3.98	$0
Aug 2010	0	0	73.68	4.42	$0
Jul 2010	0	0	72.55	4.74	$0
Jun 2010	0	0	70.36	4.91	$0
May 2010	0	0	71.12	4.24	$0
Apr 2010	0	0	81.69	4.12	$0
Mar 2010	0	0	78.39	4.39	$0
Feb 2010	0	0	73.58	5.44	$0
Jan 2010	0	0	74.36	5.96	$0
Dec 2009	0	0	71.44	5.48	$0
Nov 2009	0	0	74.59	3.75	$0
Oct 2009	0	0	72.54	4.11	$0
Sep 2009	130	0	65.54	3.06	$8,520
Aug 2009	0	0	67.42	3.22	$0
Jul 2009	0	0	61.13	3.46	$0
Jun 2009	0	0	66.16	3.90	$0
May 2009	0	0	54.74	3.93	$0
Apr 2009	0	0	46.77	3.59	$0
Mar 2009	0	0	42.14	4.06	$0
Feb 2009	0	0	32.81	4.63	$0
Jan 2009	155	0	35.86	5.37	$5,558
Dec 2008	0	332	37.10	5.98	$1,984
Nov 2008	0	262	55.49	6.86	$1,797
Oct 2008	0	265	75.24	6.92	$1,834
Sep 2008	0	252	101.76	7.88	$1,985
Aug 2008	0	486	114.22	8.48	$4,123
Jul 2008	0	453	131.08	11.39	$5,159
Jun 2008	0	523	131.33	13.03	$6,816
May 2008	0	614	123.17	11.57	$7,107
Apr 2008	164	688	110.31	10.45	$25,284
Mar 2008	0	642	101.90	9.66	$6,204
Feb 2008	0	476	92.53	8.77	$4,175
Jan 2008	0	326	90.38	8.21	$2,675
Dec 2007	0	348	88.33	7.30	$2,541
Nov 2007	0	332	91.67	7.29	$2,421
Oct 2007	0	832	82.85	6.92	$5,759
Sep 2007	0	546	75.84	6.24	$3,409
Aug 2007	137	616	69.06	6.39	$13,396
Jul 2007	0	140	70.90	6.39	$894
Jun 2007	0	239	62.00	7.55	$1,804
May 2007	0	431	58.74	7.85	$3,382
Apr 2007	0	524	59.61	7.81	$4,090
Mar 2007	133	664	56.92	7.30	$12,419
Feb 2007	0	627	55.10	8.22	$5,151
Jan 2007	0	676	50.30	6.73	$4,547
Dec 2006	0	559	56.65	6.92	$3,867
Nov 2006	0	609	54.20	7.62	$4,639
Oct 2006	172	509	54.90	6.01	$12,504
Sep 2006	0	267	60.08	5.04	$1,345
Aug 2006	0	163	68.71	7.34	$1,196
Jul 2006	0	415	69.37	6.34	$2,632
Jun 2006	142	632	66.28	6.38	$13,446
May 2006	0	331	66.01	6.42	$2,127
Apr 2006	0	759	64.39	7.36	$5,587
Mar 2006	0	805	56.70	7.08	$5,702
Feb 2006	78	724	57.59	7.75	$10,104
Jan 2006	0	797	60.59	8.93	$7,120
Dec 2005	364	794	54.94	13.42	$30,650
Nov 2005	0	704	54.69	10.59	$7,454
Oct 2005	0	812	58.34	13.80	$11,202
Sep 2005	0	771	61.45	12.08	$9,313
Aug 2005	0	800	61.51	9.80	$7,837
Jul 2005	0	765	55.69	7.84	$6,000
Jun 2005	0	677	52.33	7.38	$4,997
May 2005	0	799	45.22	6.65	$5,314
Apr 2005	0	671	49.20	7.36	$4,939
Mar 2005	0	878	50.37	7.15	$6,282
Feb 2005	0	795	45.22	6.31	$5,018
Jan 2005	200	911	43.16	6.32	$14,392
Dec 2004	203	967	39.86	6.75	$14,620
Nov 2004	0	837	45.28	6.33	$5,299
Oct 2004	0	600	49.70	6.52	$3,909
Sep 2004	0	638	43.24	5.28	$3,371
Aug 2004	0	824	42.37	5.55	$4,574
Jul 2004	0	842	38.28	6.08	$5,123
Jun 2004	0	806	36.10	6.43	$5,185
May 2004	0	746	37.48	6.49	$4,845
Apr 2004	0	780	34.47	5.86	$4,570
Mar 2004	0	888	34.36	5.53	$4,911
Feb 2004	184	756	32.45	5.51	$10,136
Jan 2004	0	783	32.03	6.30	$4,933
Dec 2003	0	926	30.26	6.30	$5,835
Nov 2003	0	942	28.80	4.60	$4,329
Oct 2003	0	1,007	28.17	4.76	$4,793
Sep 2003	0	965	26.31	4.75	$4,583
Aug 2003	0	1,069	29.76	5.13	$5,484
Jul 2003	0	958	29.41	5.17	$4,954
Jun 2003	186	927	28.56	5.98	$10,858
May 2003	0	1,038	26.59	5.97	$6,200
Apr 2003	1	988	26.67	5.41	$5,369
Mar 2003	0	1,063	31.14	6.10	$6,480
Feb 2003	0	959	33.48	7.93	$7,601
Jan 2003	0	1,063	30.31	5.58	$5,934
Dec 2002	186	1,062	26.91	4.85	$10,160
Nov 2002	0	1,040	24.66	4.14	$4,302
Oct 2002	0	1,136	26.46	4.23	$4,804
Sep 2002	0	1,023	27.44	3.64	$3,719
Aug 2002	0	1,080	25.96	3.16	$3,417
Jul 2002	0	1,118	24.58	3.06	$3,423
Jun 2002	180	1,043	23.73	3.34	$7,753
May 2002	0	1,111	24.66	3.58	$3,982
Apr 2002	0	1,071	23.65	3.51	$3,762
Mar 2002	0	1,018	22.00	3.10	$3,159
Feb 2002	0	971	18.22	2.38	$2,307
Jan 2002	184	1,105	17.17	2.38	$5,784
Dec 2001	0	1,086	16.93	2.36	$2,568
Nov 2001	0	1,043	18.07	2.41	$2,509
Oct 2001	0	1,002	19.78	2.53	$2,534
Sep 2001	0	1,104	24.26	2.25	$2,485
Aug 2001	0	1,175	24.87	3.05	$3,587
Jul 2001	0	1,199	23.93	3.20	$3,833
Jun 2001	189	1,305	24.56	3.82	$9,632
May 2001	0	1,872	25.52	4.31	$8,063
Apr 2001	189	1,733	24.68	5.34	$13,911
Mar 2001	0	1,822	24.54	5.38	$9,796
Feb 2001	1	1,631	27.75	5.77	$9,434
Jan 2001	0	1,796	27.47	8.40	$15,084
Dec 2000	0	1,713	26.88	9.12	$15,627
Nov 2000	359	1,752	32.21	5.66	$21,476
Oct 2000	0	1,895	31.23	5.15	$9,751
Sep 2000	0	1,916	31.87	5.19	$9,937
Aug 2000	0	1,912	29.64	4.54	$8,682
Jul 2000	183	1,898	28.53	4.09	$12,983
Jun 2000	0	1,870	29.30	4.40	$8,223
May 2000	0	1,974	27.26	3.68	$7,264
Apr 2000	0	1,872	24.51	3.12	$5,833
Mar 2000	131	1,981	28.42	2.86	$9,388
Feb 2000	0	1,844	27.62	2.73	$5,028
Jan 2000	367	1,941	25.27	2.48	$14,089
Dec 1999	0	1,523	24.28	2.42	$3,691
Nov 1999	0	1,476	23.19	2.43	$3,593
Oct 1999	0	1,865	20.98	2.80	$5,229
Sep 1999	0	1,854	21.75	2.62	$4,855
Aug 1999	0	1,961	19.26	2.88	$5,639
Jul 1999	182	2,004	17.89	2.37	$8,010
Jun 1999	0	1,943	15.94	2.36	$4,590
May 1999	0	2,062	15.79	2.32	$4,786
Apr 1999	184	1,630	15.10	2.21	$6,378
Mar 1999	0	1,767	12.47	1.84	$3,248
Feb 1999	0	1,660	9.98	1.82	$3,018
Jan 1999	171	1,970	10.38	1.90	$5,518
Dec 1998	0	1,893	9.20	1.77	$3,357
Nov 1998	181	2,139	10.89	2.19	$6,646
Oct 1998	0	3,223	12.42	1.97	$6,347
Sep 1998	0	2,069	12.59	2.08	$4,309
Aug 1998	363	2,111	11.30	1.91	$8,128
Jul 1998	0	2,130	11.74	2.24	$4,765
Jun 1998	0	2,115	11.24	2.24	$4,732
May 1998	0	2,167	12.62	2.21	$4,781
Apr 1998	368	2,144	13.04	2.51	$10,170
Mar 1998	0	2,191	12.80	2.31	$5,060
Feb 1998	0	2,010	13.95	2.30	$4,621
Jan 1998	0	2,147	14.70	2.15	$4,626
Dec 1997	0	2,173	16.32	2.41	$5,239
Nov 1997	172	2,172	18.19	3.09	$9,836
Oct 1997	0	2,008	19.25	3.15	$6,325
Sep 1997	0	2,202	17.74	2.95	$6,507
Aug 1997	184	2,236	17.86	2.55	$8,999
Jul 1997	0	2,430	17.58	2.25	$5,460
Jun 1997	0	2,317	17.24	2.26	$5,230
May 1997	183	2,075	18.97	2.31	$8,262
Apr 1997	0	1,744	17.88	2.08	$3,632
Mar 1997	0	1,933	18.95	1.94	$3,748
Feb 1997	178	1,914	20.49	2.21	$7,869
Jan 1997	0	1,803	23.48	3.54	$6,382
Dec 1996	0	2,145	23.32	—	$0
Nov 1996	175	2,273	21.97	—	$3,845
Oct 1996	0	2,105	23.31	—	$0
Sep 1996	0	2,180	22.22	—	$0
Aug 1996	169	2,155	20.26	—	$3,424
Jul 1996	0	2,308	19.55	—	$0
Jun 1996	0	2,173	18.73	—	$0
May 1996	0	2,373	19.43	—	$0
Apr 1996	181	2,346	21.51	—	$3,893
Mar 1996	2	2,372	19.38	—	$39
Feb 1996	175	2,323	16.98	—	$2,972
Jan 1996	0	2,196	17.07	—	$0
Dec 1995	0	2,143	17.19	—	$0
Nov 1995	759	1,995	16.00	—	$12,144

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

Sep 2009 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil                  130 bbl  × $ 65.54 =     $8,520
Casinghead gas         0 Mcf  × $  3.06 =         $0

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                   $8,520

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 7C/O/13913 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.