HALFF FIELD UNIT
Operated by ECOWELL OIL AND GAS LLC (P-5 101618) in the HALFF field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.
The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.
These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 9 leases and 159 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.
A drilling unit in this field needs at least 20 acres.
The register flags this field for hydrogen sulphide. That is a poisonous gas that occurs naturally in some formations. The flag is a property of the field as the Commission records it. It is not a measurement taken at this lease, and it is not a statement that gas is escaping anywhere.
What this lease produced, and what it was worth
Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.
| Stream | Basis | Volume | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oil | Disposition | 277,125 bbl | $10,074,596 |
| Casinghead gas | Production | 4,271 Mcf | $177 |
| Total | $10,074,773 | ||
4,215 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 46 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.
Wells on this lease (142)
Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.
These wells centre on 30.7469, -101.7726. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 2.8 miles.
What these wells add up to
Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.
What the state filed about each well
A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.
How deep they were drilled
Total depth in feet, 95 of 142 wells. Median 1,990 ft, with the middle half between 1,856 and 2,116 ft; the shallowest is 1,610 ft and the deepest 2,467 ft. The median is published rather than the mean, because a single mis-keyed depth moves a mean and cannot move a median.
When they were last completed
Last completion by decade, 80 of 142 wells, Sep 1956 – Dec 1997. This is the LAST completion filed on each wellbore, not the first — a well recompleted in 2019 counts once, in the 2010s.
Last completion to plug: a median of 40.7 years across the 32 wells that filed both dates, with the middle half between 32.3 years and 43.6 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.
142 wells
| 42-10500304 | 2001D | 2,100 ft | — | Mar 1977 | Yes |
| 42-10500305 | 9001W | 1,930 ft | — | Nov 1991 | Yes |
| 42-10500307 | 4002D | 2,155 ft | — | Jun 1973 | Yes |
| 42-10500309 | 9002W | 2,085 ft | — | Nov 1991 | Yes |
| 42-10500312 | 3003 | 2,136 ft | — | Nov 1978 | Yes |
| 42-10500314 | 8003W | 2,092 ft | — | Nov 1993 | Yes |
| 42-10500315 | 9004W | 1,880 ft | — | Jan 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10500355 | 2701 | 2,028 ft | — | Nov 1978 | Yes |
| 42-10501352 | 7007W | 2,126 ft | — | Aug 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10501354 | 6003W | 2,115 ft | — | Oct 2009 | Yes |
| 42-10502448 | 1101W | 2,095 ft | — | Feb 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10502450 | 1001D | 2,467 ft | — | Sep 2002 | Yes |
| 42-10503234 | 3101 | — | — | — | Yes |
| 42-10503547 | 3401 | 1,610 ft | — | Nov 1978 | Yes |
| 42-10503560 | 1002 | 1,880 ft | — | Nov 1988 | Yes |
| 42-10511099 | 1604 | 2,176 ft | — | Jan 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10531004 | 1007 | 1,913 ft | — | Aug 2002 | Yes |
| 42-10580587 | 1303 | — | — | — | Yes |
| 42-10580588 | 1304 | — | — | — | Yes |
| 42-10580623 | 3802 | — | — | — | Yes |
| 42-10500320 | 2108 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10500960 | 1301 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501334 | 2901 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501339 | 2202 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501371 | 3303 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501602 | 3203 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501604 | 2501 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501609 | 2301 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501613 | 1803 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501614 | 1903 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501617 | 1804 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10501618 | 1904 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10503171 | 2702 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10503217 | 2801 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10503218 | 2802 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10503219 | 2803 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10503235 | 3102 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10503389 | 1401 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10503394 | 1403 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10510120 | 3701 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10510125 | 1302 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10510127 | 1305 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10510259 | 1003 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10510260 | 1004 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10510261 | 1005 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10534987 | 1308 | 1,940 ft | — | — | — |
| 42-10580591 | 1503 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580592 | 1601 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580593 | 1603 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580595 | 1703 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580596 | 1704 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580606 | 2105 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580609 | 2107 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580613 | 2110 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580625 | 5001 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580626 | 6001 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580627 | 6002 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580628 | 6004 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580629 | 7002 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580630 | 7006 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580631 | 7008 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10580636 | 9003 | — | — | — | — |
| 42-10534996 | 1009 | 2,122 ft | Dec 1997 | — | — |
| 42-10501605 | 1701 | 1,792 ft | May 1997 | — | Yes |
| 42-10534983 | 2121 | 2,060 ft | Dec 1996 | — | — |
| 42-10580622 | 3801 | 1,901 ft | Mar 1989 | — | — |
| 42-10501616 | 2302 | 1,761 ft | Aug 1987 | Nov 1993 | Yes |
| 42-10534978 | 2124 | 1,750 ft | Jun 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10534986 | 2120 | 2,051 ft | Mar 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535097 | 1705 | 2,180 ft | Feb 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535102 | 1311 | 2,140 ft | Feb 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535107 | 7019 | 2,180 ft | Feb 1986 | Oct 2012 | Yes |
| 42-10535100 | 1806 | 1,975 ft | Jan 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535101 | 1407 | 2,142 ft | Jan 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535103 | 1406 | 2,143 ft | Jan 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535106 | 7018 | 1,950 ft | Jan 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535104 | 1310 | 1,970 ft | Jan 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535105 | 1508 | 2,000 ft | Jan 1986 | — | — |
| 42-10535098 | 1507 | 1,970 ft | Dec 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10535099 | 1706 | 1,940 ft | Dec 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10535108 | 1506 | 1,990 ft | Dec 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10535132 | 2303 | 1,860 ft | Dec 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10535137 | 2804 | 1,710 ft | Nov 1985 | Mar 2014 | Yes |
| 42-10534984 | 2122 | 1,835 ft | Jul 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10503175 | 2401 | 1,795 ft | Jul 1985 | Jan 2009 | Yes |
| 42-10503392 | 2002 | 2,100 ft | Jul 1985 | Nov 1991 | Yes |
| 42-10534989 | 2119 | 1,860 ft | Jun 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10534988 | 2004 | 1,915 ft | Jun 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10534985 | 2123 | 1,770 ft | Jun 1985 | — | — |
| 42-10534740 | 2205 | 1,800 ft | May 1984 | — | — |
| 42-10534737 | 1606 | 2,160 ft | Mar 1984 | — | — |
| 42-10534739 | 2118 | 1,950 ft | Feb 1984 | — | — |
| 42-10534729 | 1404 | 1,960 ft | Feb 1984 | — | — |
| 42-10534738 | 2116 | 1,760 ft | Feb 1984 | — | — |
| 42-10534560 | 2115 | 1,835 ft | Nov 1983 | — | — |
| 42-10534565 | 2117 | 1,845 ft | Oct 1983 | — | — |
| 42-10534564 | 1008 | 2,115 ft | Oct 1983 | — | — |
| 42-10534077 | 7011 | 2,178 ft | Aug 1982 | — | — |
| 42-10534079 | 7009 | 2,180 ft | Aug 1982 | — | — |
| 42-10534078 | 7010 | 2,184 ft | Aug 1982 | — | — |
| 42-10534072 | 808 | 2,180 ft | Aug 1982 | — | — |
| 42-10534076 | 7012 | 2,110 ft | Aug 1982 | — | — |
| 42-10531005 | 1605 | 1,850 ft | Mar 1977 | — | — |
| 42-10531006 | 2114 | 2,116 ft | Mar 1977 | — | — |
| 42-10500302 | 4001D | 2,163 ft | Oct 1973 | May 1997 | Yes |
| 42-10520152 | 8006 | 2,161 ft | Dec 1968 | — | — |
| 42-10520153 | 8005 | 2,155 ft | Nov 1968 | — | — |
| 42-10500419 | 2001 | 1,820 ft | Jul 1965 | — | — |
| 42-10510128 | 1306W | 2,035 ft | Sep 1964 | — | — |
| 42-10503395 | 2003 | 1,890 ft | Aug 1962 | Mar 2001 | Yes |
| 42-10503391 | 1402 | 1,872 ft | Oct 1961 | Feb 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10503397 | 1505W | 2,080 ft | Aug 1961 | Feb 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10503396 | 1504W | 1,852 ft | Apr 1961 | Nov 1993 | Yes |
| 42-10501611 | 1902 | 2,035 ft | Feb 1961 | — | Yes |
| 42-10500316 | 8004 | 2,086 ft | Jan 1961 | Nov 1993 | Yes |
| 42-10501606 | 1901 | 1,830 ft | Nov 1960 | May 1991 | Yes |
| 42-10503390 | 1502 | 2,096 ft | Nov 1960 | Aug 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10500310 | 8002 | 2,088 ft | Sep 1960 | Nov 1993 | Yes |
| 42-10503388 | 1501W | 2,100 ft | Jul 1960 | Jan 2004 | Yes |
| 42-10500318 | 3006D | 2,099 ft | Mar 1960 | Jun 2012 | Yes |
| 42-10500306 | 8001 | 1,900 ft | Feb 1960 | Jun 2001 | Yes |
| 42-10501610 | 1802 | 1,864 ft | Jan 1960 | — | Yes |
| 42-10501607 | 1801 | 1,850 ft | Oct 1959 | May 2011 | Yes |
| 42-10500308 | 3002D | 2,116 ft | Jun 1959 | May 1991 | Yes |
| 42-10500303 | 3001D | 2,165 ft | Jun 1959 | Nov 1991 | Yes |
| 42-10501350 | 7005W | 2,140 ft | May 1959 | Oct 2012 | Yes |
| 42-10501348 | 7004W | 2,120 ft | May 1959 | Oct 2012 | Yes |
| 42-10500321 | 2109 | 1,998 ft | Mar 1959 | Mar 1999 | Yes |
| 42-10501345 | 7003W | 2,143 ft | Feb 1959 | Oct 2012 | Yes |
| 42-10501608 | 1702W | 1,886 ft | Jan 1959 | Jun 1997 | Yes |
| 42-10500317 | 2106 | 1,708 ft | Dec 1958 | — | Yes |
| 42-10580603 | 2103 | 1,785 ft | Nov 1958 | Mar 2001 | Yes |
| 42-10501336 | 7001W | 2,093 ft | Oct 1958 | Aug 2002 | Yes |
| 42-10501346 | 2204 | 1,786 ft | May 1958 | — | — |
| 42-10501343 | 2203 | 1,860 ft | Apr 1958 | Mar 2001 | Yes |
| 42-10501340 | 1602W | 1,870 ft | Mar 1958 | Nov 1993 | Yes |
| 42-10501335 | 2201 | 1,728 ft | Feb 1958 | Jan 2001 | Yes |
| 42-10580621 | 3302 | — | Aug 1957 | — | — |
| 42-10501369 | 3301 | 1,644 ft | May 1957 | — | Yes |
| 42-10501601 | 3202 | 1,642 ft | May 1957 | Apr 2001 | Yes |
| 42-10501600 | 3201 | — | Dec 1956 | — | Yes |
| 42-10502137 | 2104 | 1,680 ft | Sep 1956 | Mar 1999 | Yes |
The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.
Every month this lease reported (401)
Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.
401 months
| May 2026 | 0 | 0 | 106.41 | 3.05 | $0 |
| Apr 2026 | 0 | 0 | 98.93 | 2.87 | $0 |
| Mar 2026 | 0 | 0 | 89.75 | 3.15 | $0 |
| Feb 2026 | 0 | 0 | 63.50 | 3.75 | $0 |
| Jan 2026 | 0 | 0 | 59.13 | 8.00 | $0 |
| Dec 2025 | 0 | 0 | 56.66 | 4.41 | $0 |
| Nov 2025 | 0 | 0 | 58.59 | 3.93 | $0 |
| Oct 2025 | 0 | 0 | 59.38 | 3.30 | $0 |
| Sep 2025 | 0 | 0 | 62.74 | 3.08 | $0 |
| Aug 2025 | 0 | 0 | 63.93 | 3.01 | $0 |
| Jul 2025 | 0 | 0 | 66.74 | 3.32 | $0 |
| Jun 2025 | 0 | 0 | 66.48 | 3.13 | $0 |
| May 2025 | 0 | 0 | 60.55 | 3.23 | $0 |
| Apr 2025 | 0 | 0 | 62.36 | 3.54 | $0 |
| Mar 2025 | 0 | 0 | 67.70 | 4.27 | $0 |
| Feb 2025 | 0 | 0 | 70.88 | 4.34 | $0 |
| Jan 2025 | 0 | 0 | 74.32 | 4.28 | $0 |
| Dec 2024 | 0 | 0 | 68.99 | 3.12 | $0 |
| Nov 2024 | 0 | 0 | 69.05 | 2.20 | $0 |
| Oct 2024 | 0 | 0 | 71.37 | 2.28 | $0 |
| Sep 2024 | 0 | 0 | 69.61 | 2.36 | $0 |
| Aug 2024 | 0 | 0 | 75.63 | 2.06 | $0 |
| Jul 2024 | 0 | 0 | 79.93 | 2.15 | $0 |
| Jun 2024 | 0 | 0 | 78.08 | 2.63 | $0 |
| May 2024 | 0 | 0 | 78.81 | 2.20 | $0 |
| Apr 2024 | 0 | 0 | 84.45 | 1.66 | $0 |
| Mar 2024 | 0 | 0 | 80.30 | 1.55 | $0 |
| Feb 2024 | 0 | 0 | 76.09 | 1.78 | $0 |
| Jan 2024 | 0 | 0 | 73.02 | 3.30 | $0 |
| Dec 2023 | 0 | 0 | 71.26 | 2.61 | $0 |
| Nov 2023 | 437 | 0 | 77.89 | 2.81 | $34,038 |
| Oct 2023 | 0 | 0 | 85.44 | 3.09 | $0 |
| Sep 2023 | 0 | 0 | 89.04 | 2.74 | $0 |
| Aug 2023 | 0 | 0 | 80.52 | 2.67 | $0 |
| Jul 2023 | 0 | 0 | 74.85 | 2.64 | $0 |
| Jun 2023 | 0 | 0 | 68.96 | 2.26 | $0 |
| May 2023 | 0 | 0 | 70.62 | 2.23 | $0 |
| Apr 2023 | 0 | 0 | 78.12 | 2.24 | $0 |
| Mar 2023 | 0 | 0 | 72.85 | 2.39 | $0 |
| Feb 2023 | 0 | 0 | 75.11 | 2.47 | $0 |
| Jan 2023 | 0 | 0 | 76.53 | 3.39 | $0 |
| Dec 2022 | 0 | 0 | 76.41 | 5.73 | $0 |
| Nov 2022 | 0 | 0 | 85.00 | 5.65 | $0 |
| Oct 2022 | 0 | 0 | 87.18 | 5.86 | $0 |
| Sep 2022 | 0 | 0 | 84.88 | 8.16 | $0 |
| Aug 2022 | 0 | 0 | 94.52 | 9.13 | $0 |
| Jul 2022 | 0 | 0 | 101.58 | 7.54 | $0 |
| Jun 2022 | 0 | 0 | 115.09 | 7.98 | $0 |
| May 2022 | 0 | 0 | 109.37 | 8.43 | $0 |
| Apr 2022 | 0 | 0 | 104.22 | 6.84 | $0 |
| Mar 2022 | 0 | 0 | 108.88 | 5.08 | $0 |
| Feb 2022 | 0 | 0 | 91.05 | 4.86 | $0 |
| Jan 2022 | 0 | 0 | 81.84 | 4.54 | $0 |
| Dec 2021 | 0 | 0 | 71.32 | 3.90 | $0 |
| Nov 2021 | 0 | 0 | 77.43 | 5.24 | $0 |
| Oct 2021 | 0 | 0 | 79.79 | 5.71 | $0 |
| Sep 2021 | 0 | 0 | 69.86 | 5.35 | $0 |
| Aug 2021 | 0 | 0 | 66.02 | 4.22 | $0 |
| Jul 2021 | 0 | 0 | 70.78 | 3.98 | $0 |
| Jun 2021 | 0 | 0 | 69.49 | 3.38 | $0 |
| May 2021 | 0 | 0 | 63.48 | 3.02 | $0 |
| Apr 2021 | 0 | 0 | 60.36 | 2.76 | $0 |
| Mar 2021 | 0 | 0 | 61.30 | 2.72 | $0 |
| Feb 2021 | 0 | 0 | 57.80 | 5.55 | $0 |
| Jan 2021 | 0 | 0 | 50.41 | 2.81 | $0 |
| Dec 2020 | 0 | 0 | 44.64 | 2.68 | $0 |
| Nov 2020 | 0 | 0 | 38.77 | 2.71 | $0 |
| Oct 2020 | 0 | 0 | 36.97 | 2.48 | $0 |
| Sep 2020 | 0 | 0 | 37.09 | 1.99 | $0 |
| Aug 2020 | 0 | 0 | 39.98 | 2.39 | $0 |
| Jul 2020 | 0 | 0 | 38.37 | 1.83 | $0 |
| Jun 2020 | 0 | 0 | 34.90 | 1.69 | $0 |
| May 2020 | 0 | 0 | 16.92 | 1.81 | $0 |
| Apr 2020 | 0 | 0 | 14.75 | 1.80 | $0 |
| Mar 2020 | 0 | 0 | 30.34 | 1.86 | $0 |
| Feb 2020 | 0 | 0 | 49.88 | 1.98 | $0 |
| Jan 2020 | 0 | 0 | 57.25 | 2.09 | $0 |
| Dec 2019 | 0 | 0 | 59.01 | 2.30 | $0 |
| Nov 2019 | 0 | 0 | 55.30 | 2.75 | $0 |
| Oct 2019 | 0 | 0 | 53.47 | 2.42 | $0 |
| Sep 2019 | 0 | 0 | 55.05 | 2.66 | $0 |
| Aug 2019 | 0 | 0 | 53.11 | 2.30 | $0 |
| Jul 2019 | 0 | 0 | 56.27 | 2.46 | $0 |
| Jun 2019 | 0 | 0 | 52.78 | 2.49 | $0 |
| May 2019 | 0 | 0 | 58.48 | 2.74 | $0 |
| Apr 2019 | 0 | 0 | 62.63 | 2.75 | $0 |
| Mar 2019 | 0 | 0 | 56.80 | 3.06 | $0 |
| Feb 2019 | 0 | 0 | 50.85 | 2.79 | $0 |
| Jan 2019 | 0 | 0 | 46.03 | 3.23 | $0 |
| Dec 2018 | 0 | 0 | 46.59 | 4.19 | $0 |
| Nov 2018 | 0 | 0 | 52.93 | 4.24 | $0 |
| Oct 2018 | 0 | 0 | 61.44 | 3.40 | $0 |
| Sep 2018 | 0 | 0 | 59.54 | 3.11 | $0 |
| Aug 2018 | 0 | 0 | 59.40 | 3.07 | $0 |
| Jul 2018 | 0 | 0 | 65.14 | 2.93 | $0 |
| Jun 2018 | 0 | 0 | 60.18 | 3.08 | $0 |
| May 2018 | 0 | 0 | 65.38 | 2.90 | $0 |
| Apr 2018 | 0 | 0 | 63.84 | 2.90 | $0 |
| Mar 2018 | 0 | 0 | 61.22 | 2.79 | $0 |
| Feb 2018 | 0 | 0 | 61.78 | 2.77 | $0 |
| Jan 2018 | 0 | 0 | 62.87 | 4.01 | $0 |
| Dec 2017 | 0 | 0 | 57.27 | 2.92 | $0 |
| Nov 2017 | 0 | 0 | 55.42 | 3.12 | $0 |
| Oct 2017 | 0 | 0 | 49.29 | 2.98 | $0 |
| Sep 2017 | 0 | 0 | 47.52 | 3.09 | $0 |
| Aug 2017 | 0 | 0 | 45.37 | 3.00 | $0 |
| Jul 2017 | 0 | 0 | 43.87 | 3.09 | $0 |
| Jun 2017 | 0 | 0 | 42.49 | 3.09 | $0 |
| May 2017 | 0 | 0 | 45.37 | 3.26 | $0 |
| Apr 2017 | 150 | 0 | 47.93 | 3.21 | $7,190 |
| Mar 2017 | 476 | 0 | 46.77 | 2.98 | $22,263 |
| Feb 2017 | 0 | 0 | 50.45 | 2.95 | $0 |
| Jan 2017 | 690 | 0 | 49.41 | 3.42 | $34,093 |
| Dec 2016 | 159 | 0 | 48.76 | 3.72 | $7,753 |
| Nov 2016 | 158 | 0 | 42.49 | 2.64 | $6,713 |
| Oct 2016 | 505 | 0 | 46.19 | 3.09 | $23,326 |
| Sep 2016 | 330 | 0 | 41.55 | 3.10 | $13,712 |
| Aug 2016 | 0 | 0 | 41.44 | 2.92 | $0 |
| Jul 2016 | 0 | 0 | 41.62 | 2.92 | $0 |
| Jun 2016 | 0 | 0 | 45.35 | 2.69 | $0 |
| May 2016 | 0 | 0 | 42.52 | 1.99 | $0 |
| Apr 2016 | 168 | 0 | 36.56 | 1.99 | $6,142 |
| Mar 2016 | 0 | 0 | 33.01 | 1.79 | $0 |
| Feb 2016 | 0 | 0 | 26.47 | 2.06 | $0 |
| Jan 2016 | 0 | 0 | 27.35 | 2.36 | $0 |
| Dec 2015 | 0 | 0 | 32.36 | 2.00 | $0 |
| Nov 2015 | 152 | 0 | 38.79 | 2.17 | $5,896 |
| Oct 2015 | 0 | 0 | 43.55 | 2.43 | $0 |
| Sep 2015 | 0 | 0 | 42.99 | 2.76 | $0 |
| Aug 2015 | 488 | 0 | 40.16 | 2.87 | $19,598 |
| Jul 2015 | 0 | 0 | 48.15 | 2.95 | $0 |
| Jun 2015 | 165 | 0 | 56.15 | 2.88 | $9,265 |
| May 2015 | 0 | 0 | 55.21 | 2.96 | $0 |
| Apr 2015 | 158 | 0 | 49.82 | 2.71 | $7,872 |
| Mar 2015 | 157 | 0 | 42.89 | 2.93 | $6,734 |
| Feb 2015 | 154 | 0 | 44.66 | 2.98 | $6,878 |
| Jan 2015 | 159 | 0 | 43.43 | 3.10 | $6,905 |
| Dec 2014 | 153 | 0 | 54.69 | 3.59 | $8,368 |
| Nov 2014 | 464 | 0 | 70.46 | 4.25 | $32,693 |
| Oct 2014 | 457 | 0 | 78.30 | 3.90 | $35,783 |
| Sep 2014 | 152 | 0 | 86.16 | 4.05 | $13,096 |
| Aug 2014 | 306 | 0 | 89.39 | 4.04 | $27,353 |
| Jul 2014 | 455 | 0 | 96.56 | 4.18 | $43,935 |
| Jun 2014 | 461 | 0 | 98.16 | 4.74 | $45,252 |
| May 2014 | 454 | 0 | 94.73 | 4.73 | $43,007 |
| Apr 2014 | 606 | 0 | 95.94 | 4.81 | $58,140 |
| Mar 2014 | 616 | 0 | 95.89 | 5.06 | $59,068 |
| Feb 2014 | 306 | 0 | 97.40 | 6.19 | $29,804 |
| Jan 2014 | 780 | 0 | 90.40 | 4.86 | $70,512 |
| Dec 2013 | 470 | 0 | 91.82 | 4.35 | $43,155 |
| Nov 2013 | 629 | 0 | 88.85 | 3.74 | $55,887 |
| Oct 2013 | 762 | 0 | 97.42 | 3.78 | $74,234 |
| Sep 2013 | 306 | 0 | 104.11 | 3.72 | $31,858 |
| Aug 2013 | 303 | 0 | 104.25 | 3.52 | $31,588 |
| Jul 2013 | 616 | 0 | 102.52 | 3.72 | $63,152 |
| Jun 2013 | 462 | 0 | 94.40 | 3.93 | $43,613 |
| May 2013 | 579 | 0 | 94.83 | 4.15 | $54,907 |
| Apr 2013 | 443 | 0 | 93.96 | 4.28 | $41,624 |
| Mar 2013 | 295 | 0 | 93.62 | 3.91 | $27,618 |
| Feb 2013 | 450 | 0 | 91.23 | 3.42 | $41,054 |
| Jan 2013 | 466 | 0 | 91.60 | 3.42 | $42,686 |
| Dec 2012 | 329 | 0 | 86.77 | 3.42 | $28,547 |
| Nov 2012 | 481 | 0 | 86.95 | 3.62 | $41,823 |
| Oct 2012 | 626 | 0 | 89.38 | 3.40 | $55,952 |
| Sep 2012 | 616 | 0 | 94.67 | 2.92 | $58,317 |
| Aug 2012 | 455 | 0 | 92.66 | 2.91 | $42,160 |
| Jul 2012 | 920 | 0 | 85.13 | 3.02 | $78,320 |
| Jun 2012 | 456 | 0 | 79.82 | 2.52 | $36,398 |
| May 2012 | 460 | 0 | 91.61 | 2.49 | $42,141 |
| Apr 2012 | 620 | 0 | 101.65 | 2.00 | $63,023 |
| Mar 2012 | 616 | 0 | 105.05 | 2.22 | $64,711 |
| Feb 2012 | 457 | 0 | 101.10 | 2.57 | $46,203 |
| Jan 2012 | 717 | 0 | 98.09 | 2.73 | $70,331 |
| Dec 2011 | 423 | 0 | 96.87 | 3.24 | $40,976 |
| Nov 2011 | 722 | 0 | 95.72 | 3.31 | $69,110 |
| Oct 2011 | 725 | 0 | 84.98 | 3.65 | $61,611 |
| Sep 2011 | 762 | 0 | 83.62 | 3.99 | $63,718 |
| Aug 2011 | 617 | 0 | 83.40 | 4.15 | $51,458 |
| Jul 2011 | 902 | 0 | 94.14 | 4.52 | $84,914 |
| Jun 2011 | 776 | 0 | 92.90 | 4.64 | $72,090 |
| May 2011 | 815 | 0 | 98.13 | 4.40 | $79,976 |
| Apr 2011 | 1,119 | 0 | 105.96 | 4.33 | $118,569 |
| Mar 2011 | 805 | 0 | 96.36 | 4.06 | $77,570 |
| Feb 2011 | 485 | 0 | 85.64 | 4.18 | $41,535 |
| Jan 2011 | 824 | 0 | 86.50 | 4.59 | $71,276 |
| Dec 2010 | 655 | 0 | 85.73 | 4.35 | $56,153 |
| Nov 2010 | 613 | 0 | 80.84 | 3.80 | $49,555 |
| Oct 2010 | 971 | 0 | 78.10 | 3.51 | $75,835 |
| Sep 2010 | 636 | 0 | 72.63 | 3.98 | $46,193 |
| Aug 2010 | 822 | 0 | 73.68 | 4.42 | $60,565 |
| Jul 2010 | 657 | 0 | 72.55 | 4.74 | $47,665 |
| Jun 2010 | 802 | 0 | 70.36 | 4.91 | $56,429 |
| May 2010 | 964 | 0 | 71.12 | 4.24 | $68,560 |
| Apr 2010 | 640 | 0 | 81.69 | 4.12 | $52,282 |
| Mar 2010 | 503 | 0 | 78.39 | 4.39 | $39,430 |
| Feb 2010 | 493 | 0 | 73.58 | 5.44 | $36,275 |
| Jan 2010 | 450 | 0 | 74.36 | 5.96 | $33,462 |
| Dec 2009 | 633 | 0 | 71.44 | 5.48 | $45,222 |
| Nov 2009 | 605 | 0 | 74.59 | 3.75 | $45,127 |
| Oct 2009 | 634 | 0 | 72.54 | 4.11 | $45,990 |
| Sep 2009 | 741 | 0 | 65.54 | 3.06 | $48,565 |
| Aug 2009 | 878 | 0 | 67.42 | 3.22 | $59,195 |
| Jul 2009 | 755 | 0 | 61.13 | 3.46 | $46,153 |
| Jun 2009 | 918 | 0 | 66.16 | 3.90 | $60,735 |
| May 2009 | 924 | 0 | 54.74 | 3.93 | $50,580 |
| Apr 2009 | 980 | 0 | 46.77 | 3.59 | $45,835 |
| Mar 2009 | 983 | 0 | 42.14 | 4.06 | $41,424 |
| Feb 2009 | 823 | 0 | 32.81 | 4.63 | $27,003 |
| Jan 2009 | 655 | 0 | 35.86 | 5.37 | $23,488 |
| Dec 2008 | 1,155 | 0 | 37.10 | 5.98 | $42,851 |
| Nov 2008 | 842 | 0 | 55.49 | 6.86 | $46,723 |
| Oct 2008 | 634 | 0 | 75.24 | 6.92 | $47,702 |
| Sep 2008 | 828 | 0 | 101.76 | 7.88 | $84,257 |
| Aug 2008 | 661 | 0 | 114.22 | 8.48 | $75,499 |
| Jul 2008 | 1,150 | 0 | 131.08 | 11.39 | $150,742 |
| Jun 2008 | 778 | 0 | 131.33 | 13.03 | $102,175 |
| May 2008 | 817 | 0 | 123.17 | 11.57 | $100,630 |
| Apr 2008 | 973 | 0 | 110.31 | 10.45 | $107,332 |
| Mar 2008 | 967 | 0 | 101.90 | 9.66 | $98,537 |
| Feb 2008 | 1,010 | 0 | 92.53 | 8.77 | $93,455 |
| Jan 2008 | 1,161 | 0 | 90.38 | 8.21 | $104,931 |
| Dec 2007 | 1,158 | 0 | 88.33 | 7.30 | $102,286 |
| Nov 2007 | 789 | 0 | 91.67 | 7.29 | $72,328 |
| Oct 2007 | 974 | 0 | 82.85 | 6.92 | $80,696 |
| Sep 2007 | 794 | 0 | 75.84 | 6.24 | $60,217 |
| Aug 2007 | 986 | 0 | 69.06 | 6.39 | $68,093 |
| Jul 2007 | 1,117 | 0 | 70.90 | 6.39 | $79,195 |
| Jun 2007 | 1,113 | 0 | 62.00 | 7.55 | $69,006 |
| May 2007 | 638 | 0 | 58.74 | 7.85 | $37,476 |
| Apr 2007 | 667 | 0 | 59.61 | 7.81 | $39,760 |
| Mar 2007 | 1,111 | 0 | 56.92 | 7.30 | $63,238 |
| Feb 2007 | 653 | 0 | 55.10 | 8.22 | $35,980 |
| Jan 2007 | 809 | 0 | 50.30 | 6.73 | $40,693 |
| Dec 2006 | 1,405 | 0 | 56.65 | 6.92 | $79,593 |
| Nov 2006 | 1,110 | 0 | 54.20 | 7.62 | $60,162 |
| Oct 2006 | 115 | 0 | 54.90 | 6.01 | $6,314 |
| Sep 2006 | 0 | 0 | 60.08 | 5.04 | $0 |
| Aug 2006 | 432 | 0 | 68.71 | 7.34 | $29,683 |
| Jul 2006 | 454 | 0 | 69.37 | 6.34 | $31,494 |
| Jun 2006 | 0 | 0 | 66.28 | 6.38 | $0 |
| May 2006 | 454 | 0 | 66.01 | 6.42 | $29,969 |
| Apr 2006 | 330 | 0 | 64.39 | 7.36 | $21,249 |
| Mar 2006 | 729 | 0 | 56.70 | 7.08 | $41,334 |
| Feb 2006 | 140 | 0 | 57.59 | 7.75 | $8,063 |
| Jan 2006 | 620 | 0 | 60.59 | 8.93 | $37,566 |
| Dec 2005 | 472 | 0 | 54.94 | 13.42 | $25,932 |
| Nov 2005 | 301 | 0 | 54.69 | 10.59 | $16,462 |
| Oct 2005 | 310 | 0 | 58.34 | 13.80 | $18,085 |
| Sep 2005 | 545 | 0 | 61.45 | 12.08 | $33,490 |
| Aug 2005 | 596 | 0 | 61.51 | 9.80 | $36,660 |
| Jul 2005 | 626 | 0 | 55.69 | 7.84 | $34,862 |
| Jun 2005 | 471 | 0 | 52.33 | 7.38 | $24,647 |
| May 2005 | 957 | 0 | 45.22 | 6.65 | $43,276 |
| Apr 2005 | 626 | 0 | 49.20 | 7.36 | $30,799 |
| Mar 2005 | 753 | 0 | 50.37 | 7.15 | $37,929 |
| Feb 2005 | 311 | 0 | 45.22 | 6.31 | $14,063 |
| Jan 2005 | 630 | 0 | 43.16 | 6.32 | $27,191 |
| Dec 2004 | 280 | 0 | 39.86 | 6.75 | $11,161 |
| Nov 2004 | 727 | 0 | 45.28 | 6.33 | $32,919 |
| Oct 2004 | 313 | 0 | 49.70 | 6.52 | $15,556 |
| Sep 2004 | 579 | 0 | 43.24 | 5.28 | $25,036 |
| Aug 2004 | 590 | 0 | 42.37 | 5.55 | $24,998 |
| Jul 2004 | 825 | 0 | 38.28 | 6.08 | $31,581 |
| Jun 2004 | 293 | 0 | 36.10 | 6.43 | $10,577 |
| May 2004 | 862 | 0 | 37.48 | 6.49 | $32,308 |
| Apr 2004 | 622 | 0 | 34.47 | 5.86 | $21,440 |
| Mar 2004 | 768 | 0 | 34.36 | 5.53 | $26,388 |
| Feb 2004 | 640 | 0 | 32.45 | 5.51 | $20,768 |
| Jan 2004 | 968 | 0 | 32.03 | 6.30 | $31,005 |
| Dec 2003 | 504 | 0 | 30.26 | 6.30 | $15,251 |
| Nov 2003 | 1,122 | 0 | 28.80 | 4.60 | $32,314 |
| Oct 2003 | 797 | 0 | 28.17 | 4.76 | $22,451 |
| Sep 2003 | 748 | 0 | 26.31 | 4.75 | $19,680 |
| Aug 2003 | 623 | 0 | 29.76 | 5.13 | $18,540 |
| Jul 2003 | 770 | 0 | 29.41 | 5.17 | $22,646 |
| Jun 2003 | 595 | 0 | 28.56 | 5.98 | $16,993 |
| May 2003 | 625 | 0 | 26.59 | 5.97 | $16,619 |
| Apr 2003 | 938 | 0 | 26.67 | 5.41 | $25,016 |
| Mar 2003 | 660 | 0 | 31.14 | 6.10 | $20,552 |
| Feb 2003 | 619 | 0 | 33.48 | 7.93 | $20,724 |
| Jan 2003 | 461 | 0 | 30.31 | 5.58 | $13,973 |
| Dec 2002 | 500 | 0 | 26.91 | 4.85 | $13,455 |
| Nov 2002 | 752 | 0 | 24.66 | 4.14 | $18,544 |
| Oct 2002 | 767 | 0 | 26.46 | 4.23 | $20,295 |
| Sep 2002 | 452 | 0 | 27.44 | 3.64 | $12,403 |
| Aug 2002 | 718 | 0 | 25.96 | 3.16 | $18,639 |
| Jul 2002 | 477 | 0 | 24.58 | 3.06 | $11,725 |
| Jun 2002 | 319 | 0 | 23.73 | 3.34 | $7,570 |
| May 2002 | 915 | 0 | 24.66 | 3.58 | $22,564 |
| Apr 2002 | 465 | 0 | 23.65 | 3.51 | $10,997 |
| Mar 2002 | 729 | 0 | 22.00 | 3.10 | $16,038 |
| Feb 2002 | 657 | 0 | 18.22 | 2.38 | $11,971 |
| Jan 2002 | 762 | 0 | 17.17 | 2.38 | $13,084 |
| Dec 2001 | 1,066 | 0 | 16.93 | 2.36 | $18,047 |
| Nov 2001 | 343 | 0 | 18.07 | 2.41 | $6,198 |
| Oct 2001 | 777 | 0 | 19.78 | 2.53 | $15,369 |
| Sep 2001 | 743 | 0 | 24.26 | 2.25 | $18,025 |
| Aug 2001 | 779 | 1 | 24.87 | 3.05 | $19,377 |
| Jul 2001 | 1,385 | 1 | 23.93 | 3.20 | $33,146 |
| Jun 2001 | 772 | 1 | 24.56 | 3.82 | $18,964 |
| May 2001 | 1,024 | 1 | 25.52 | 4.31 | $26,137 |
| Apr 2001 | 943 | 1 | 24.68 | 5.34 | $23,279 |
| Mar 2001 | 977 | 1 | 24.54 | 5.38 | $23,981 |
| Feb 2001 | 666 | 1 | 27.75 | 5.77 | $18,487 |
| Jan 2001 | 749 | 1 | 27.47 | 8.40 | $20,583 |
| Dec 2000 | 952 | 1 | 26.88 | 9.12 | $25,599 |
| Nov 2000 | 783 | 1 | 32.21 | 5.66 | $25,226 |
| Oct 2000 | 744 | 1 | 31.23 | 5.15 | $23,240 |
| Sep 2000 | 1,060 | 1 | 31.87 | 5.19 | $33,787 |
| Aug 2000 | 772 | 1 | 29.64 | 4.54 | $22,887 |
| Jul 2000 | 941 | 1 | 28.53 | 4.09 | $26,851 |
| Jun 2000 | 1,244 | 1 | 29.30 | 4.40 | $36,454 |
| May 2000 | 1,125 | 1 | 27.26 | 3.68 | $30,671 |
| Apr 2000 | 1,211 | 1 | 24.51 | 3.12 | $29,685 |
| Mar 2000 | 1,451 | 1 | 28.42 | 2.86 | $41,240 |
| Feb 2000 | 1,267 | 1 | 27.62 | 2.73 | $34,997 |
| Jan 2000 | 833 | 1 | 25.27 | 2.48 | $21,052 |
| Dec 1999 | 1,442 | 1 | 24.28 | 2.42 | $35,014 |
| Nov 1999 | 1,285 | 1 | 23.19 | 2.43 | $29,802 |
| Oct 1999 | 802 | 1 | 20.98 | 2.80 | $16,829 |
| Sep 1999 | 1,164 | 1 | 21.75 | 2.62 | $25,320 |
| Aug 1999 | 1,010 | 1 | 19.26 | 2.88 | $19,455 |
| Jul 1999 | 1,296 | 1 | 17.89 | 2.37 | $23,188 |
| Jun 1999 | 999 | 1 | 15.94 | 2.36 | $15,926 |
| May 1999 | 1,342 | 1 | 15.79 | 2.32 | $21,193 |
| Apr 1999 | 1,189 | 1 | 15.10 | 2.21 | $17,956 |
| Mar 1999 | 1,349 | 1 | 12.47 | 1.84 | $16,824 |
| Feb 1999 | 1,405 | 1 | 9.98 | 1.82 | $14,024 |
| Jan 1999 | 1,404 | 1 | 10.38 | 1.90 | $14,575 |
| Dec 1998 | 1,157 | 1 | 9.20 | 1.77 | $10,646 |
| Nov 1998 | 1,323 | 1 | 10.89 | 2.19 | $14,410 |
| Oct 1998 | 1,214 | 1 | 12.42 | 1.97 | $15,080 |
| Sep 1998 | 1,503 | 1 | 12.59 | 2.08 | $18,925 |
| Aug 1998 | 1,455 | 1 | 11.30 | 1.91 | $16,443 |
| Jul 1998 | 1,702 | 1 | 11.74 | 2.24 | $19,984 |
| Jun 1998 | 1,205 | 1 | 11.24 | 2.24 | $13,546 |
| May 1998 | 1,718 | 1 | 12.62 | 2.21 | $21,683 |
| Apr 1998 | 1,715 | 1 | 13.04 | 2.51 | $22,366 |
| Mar 1998 | 1,559 | 1 | 12.80 | 2.31 | $19,958 |
| Feb 1998 | 1,395 | 1 | 13.95 | 2.30 | $19,463 |
| Jan 1998 | 1,568 | 1 | 14.70 | 2.15 | $23,052 |
| Dec 1997 | 1,705 | 1 | 16.32 | 2.41 | $27,828 |
| Nov 1997 | 1,730 | 1 | 18.19 | 3.09 | $31,472 |
| Oct 1997 | 1,725 | 1 | 19.25 | 3.15 | $33,209 |
| Sep 1997 | 1,380 | 1 | 17.74 | 2.95 | $24,484 |
| Aug 1997 | 1,828 | 1 | 17.86 | 2.55 | $32,651 |
| Jul 1997 | 1,736 | 1 | 17.58 | 2.25 | $30,521 |
| Jun 1997 | 1,696 | 1 | 17.24 | 2.26 | $29,241 |
| May 1997 | 1,700 | 1 | 18.97 | 2.31 | $32,251 |
| Apr 1997 | 1,827 | 1 | 17.88 | 2.08 | $32,669 |
| Mar 1997 | 1,745 | 1 | 18.95 | 1.94 | $33,070 |
| Feb 1997 | 1,915 | 1 | 20.49 | 2.21 | $39,241 |
| Jan 1997 | 1,742 | 1 | 23.48 | 3.54 | $40,906 |
| Dec 1996 | 1,559 | 1 | 23.32 | — | $36,356 |
| Nov 1996 | 1,763 | 1 | 21.97 | — | $38,733 |
| Oct 1996 | 1,915 | 1 | 23.31 | — | $44,639 |
| Sep 1996 | 1,721 | 1 | 22.22 | — | $38,241 |
| Aug 1996 | 1,725 | 127 | 20.26 | — | $34,949 |
| Jul 1996 | 1,904 | 116 | 19.55 | — | $37,223 |
| Jun 1996 | 1,874 | 1 | 18.73 | — | $35,100 |
| May 1996 | 1,874 | 527 | 19.43 | — | $36,412 |
| Apr 1996 | 1,912 | 928 | 21.51 | — | $41,127 |
| Mar 1996 | 1,632 | 1 | 19.38 | — | $31,628 |
| Feb 1996 | 1,589 | 1 | 16.98 | — | $26,981 |
| Jan 1996 | 2,282 | 1 | 17.07 | — | $38,954 |
| Dec 1995 | 1,404 | 1 | 17.19 | — | $24,135 |
| Nov 1995 | 2,088 | 1 | 16.00 | — | $33,408 |
| Oct 1995 | 1,711 | 1 | 15.43 | — | $26,401 |
| Sep 1995 | 1,944 | 1 | 16.18 | — | $31,454 |
| Aug 1995 | 2,210 | 1 | 15.92 | — | $35,183 |
| Jul 1995 | 1,887 | 1 | 15.24 | — | $28,758 |
| Jun 1995 | 1,909 | 1 | 16.41 | — | $31,327 |
| May 1995 | 1,669 | 1 | 17.56 | — | $29,308 |
| Apr 1995 | 1,658 | 1 | 17.73 | — | $29,396 |
| Mar 1995 | 2,300 | 100 | 16.44 | — | $37,812 |
| Feb 1995 | 2,018 | 100 | 16.58 | — | $33,458 |
| Jan 1995 | 2,167 | 100 | 15.92 | — | $34,499 |
| Dec 1994 | 2,346 | 100 | 15.03 | — | $35,260 |
| Nov 1994 | 2,317 | 100 | 15.90 | — | $36,840 |
| Oct 1994 | 2,319 | 100 | 15.58 | — | $36,130 |
| Sep 1994 | 2,308 | 100 | 15.29 | — | $35,289 |
| Aug 1994 | 2,486 | 100 | 16.13 | — | $40,099 |
| Jul 1994 | 2,484 | 100 | 17.56 | — | $43,619 |
| Jun 1994 | 2,796 | 100 | 17.09 | — | $47,784 |
| May 1994 | 2,486 | 100 | 15.88 | — | $39,478 |
| Apr 1994 | 2,987 | 100 | 14.14 | — | $42,236 |
| Mar 1994 | 2,792 | 100 | 12.46 | — | $34,788 |
| Feb 1994 | 3,138 | 100 | 12.50 | — | $39,225 |
| Jan 1994 | 2,494 | 100 | 12.66 | — | $31,574 |
| Dec 1993 | 2,977 | 100 | 12.33 | — | $36,706 |
| Nov 1993 | 2,801 | 100 | 14.49 | — | $40,586 |
| Oct 1993 | 3,124 | 100 | 15.85 | — | $49,515 |
| Sep 1993 | 2,793 | 100 | 15.03 | — | $41,979 |
| Aug 1993 | 2,257 | 100 | 15.66 | — | $35,345 |
| Jul 1993 | 2,368 | 100 | 15.46 | — | $36,609 |
| Jun 1993 | 1,165 | 100 | 16.79 | — | $19,560 |
| May 1993 | 0 | 0 | 17.68 | — | $0 |
| Apr 1993 | 0 | 0 | 18.05 | — | $0 |
| Mar 1993 | 332 | 100 | 18.14 | — | $6,022 |
| Feb 1993 | 679 | 100 | 17.90 | — | $12,154 |
| Jan 1993 | 850 | 100 | 16.93 | — | $14,391 |
How to read this page
The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.
Oil 437 bbl × $ 77.89 = $34,038 Casinghead gas 0 Mcf × $ 2.81 = $0 ──────────────────────────────────────────────────── Month total $34,038
The volumes are the state's, unchanged
Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.
The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation
Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.
Oil and gas are priced differently
Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.
A lease is not a well
The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 7C/O/4709 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.