ROYAL

Name: ROYAL lease production and value, Aug 1994 onwards
Creator: Railroad Commission of Texas
License: https://www.rrc.texas.gov/site-policies/

Operated by RAW OIL & GAS, INC. (P-5 694863) in the DIAMOND -M- (CANYON LIME AREA) field. Every figure below is a volume the Railroad Commission published, multiplied by a monthly price you can check.

Oil lease lease 67270District 8AField 24562142Hydrogen sulphide fieldOilCasinghead gasSave Export

Value, all time

$3.4 M

Aug 1994 – May 2023

Value, last 12 filed months

$31 k

at the published price for each month

Months reported

346

no gaps in the span

Streams

oil, casinghead gas

The DIAMOND -M- (CANYON LIME AREA) field

The Railroad Commission's own record for the field this lease produces from, including the spacing rule that governs how close together its wells may be drilled.

These are facts about the field, not about this lease. The field holds 48 leases and 704 wells, and the rule below applies to all of them.

Discovered

1948-12-19

as the register files it

Field class

Oil

the register's own label

Between wells

933 ft

minimum

From a lease line

330 ft

minimum

A drilling unit in this field needs at least 40 acres. The field rule took effect on 1984-09-01.

The register flags this field for hydrogen sulphide. That is a poisonous gas that occurs naturally in some formations. The flag is a property of the field as the Commission records it. It is not a measurement taken at this lease, and it is not a statement that gas is escaping anywhere.

The Commission's schedule remark for this field reads: “FIELD MER 15250 PERDAY EFF. 6/7/77 PER DOCKET #8A-67129.”

What this lease produced, and what it was worth

Oil and condensate are valued on the volume the state records as disposed of; gas and casinghead gas on the volume produced. They are different columns of different files, and the difference is not cosmetic.

Stream	Basis	Volume	Value
Oil	Disposition	88,529 bbl	$3,074,019
Casinghead gas	Production	162,933 Mcf	$294,230
Total			$3,368,249

93,289 Mcf of this lease's gas, across 29 months, carries no value here. No free Texas wellhead gas price exists before 1997, so those months are left out of the total rather than valued at zero. The total above is therefore a floor, not an estimate.

Wells on this lease (1)

Every wellbore the Railroad Commission records against this lease key, with the depth, the last completion and the plug date exactly as filed. A well with no plug date is not stated to be producing — the state files no such flag.

These wells centre on 32.6954, -100.9621. A lease has no coordinate of its own — that point is the mean of its wells, and they span 0.0 miles.

32.69539, -100.96214 · centre of the wells drawn, derived⌘ or Ctrl + scroll to zoom

What these wells add up to

Every figure below is counted over all of this lease's wells, not over the rows listed above. The Railroad Commission files two facts about a well's state — a plug date and a proration-schedule flag — and a well can carry both, so they are published as separate counts and never merged into a status.

On the schedule

100.0%

1 of 1 wells

With a plug date

100.0%

1 of 1 wells

Median depth

7,211 ft

1 wells filed one

Completion to plug

28.7 years

median over 1 well

What the state filed about each well

On the RRC proration schedule

1100.0%

A plug date is filed

1100.0%

BothOn the schedule and plugged. Neither fact cancels the other.

1100.0%

NeitherNo plug date, and not on the schedule.

00.0%

A plug date is the date the Commission recorded the wellbore as sealed with cement and abandoned. It is the only end-of-life fact Texas files. There is no "active" flag on a well, so this page does not print one — a well with no plug date is not stated to be producing.

How deep they were drilled

The one well that filed a depth was drilled to 7,211 ft.

Completions filed

Aug 1994

1 of 1 wells

Plug dates filed

Apr 2023

1 of 1 wells

Last completion to plug: a median of 28.7 years across the 1 well that filed both dates, with the middle half between 28.7 years and 28.7 years. The gap is the distance between two filed dates. It is not a statement of how long the well produced.

1 well


42-41533308	1	7,211 ft	Aug 1994	Apr 2023	Yes

The API number is the state's, prefixed 42 for Texas. A well is matched to this lease by the lease key the Commission files on the wellbore record, so a well that has moved between leases appears under each one it was filed against.

Every month this lease reported (346)

Volume × price = value, one row per cycle. The price columns are the same series published on the prices page — nothing here is modelled.

346 months


May 2023	0	0	70.62	2.23	$0
Apr 2023	0	0	78.12	2.24	$0
Mar 2023	0	0	72.85	2.39	$0
Feb 2023	0	0	75.11	2.47	$0
Jan 2023	0	0	76.53	3.39	$0
Dec 2022	99	0	76.41	5.73	$7,565
Nov 2022	0	0	85.00	5.65	$0
Oct 2022	70	13	87.18	5.86	$6,179
Sep 2022	0	74	84.88	8.16	$604
Aug 2022	170	76	94.52	9.13	$16,762
Jul 2022	0	27	101.58	7.54	$204
Jun 2022	0	8	115.09	7.98	$64
May 2022	0	0	109.37	8.43	$0
Apr 2022	0	21	104.22	6.84	$144
Mar 2022	0	37	108.88	5.08	$188
Feb 2022	171	10	91.05	4.86	$15,618
Jan 2022	0	17	81.84	4.54	$77
Dec 2021	0	35	71.32	3.90	$136
Nov 2021	171	34	77.43	5.24	$13,419
Oct 2021	0	11	79.79	5.71	$63
Sep 2021	0	2	69.86	5.35	$11
Aug 2021	169	2	66.02	4.22	$11,166
Jul 2021	0	2	70.78	3.98	$8
Jun 2021	0	2	69.49	3.38	$7
May 2021	174	2	63.48	3.02	$11,052
Apr 2021	0	2	60.36	2.76	$6
Mar 2021	0	2	61.30	2.72	$5
Feb 2021	0	7	57.80	5.55	$39
Jan 2021	169	17	50.41	2.81	$8,567
Dec 2020	0	14	44.64	2.68	$37
Nov 2020	173	9	38.77	2.71	$6,732
Oct 2020	0	11	36.97	2.48	$27
Sep 2020	0	7	37.09	1.99	$14
Aug 2020	165	13	39.98	2.39	$6,628
Jul 2020	0	11	38.37	1.83	$20
Jun 2020	181	13	34.90	1.69	$6,339
May 2020	0	14	16.92	1.81	$25
Apr 2020	0	86	14.75	1.80	$155
Mar 2020	171	91	30.34	1.86	$5,357
Feb 2020	0	79	49.88	1.98	$156
Jan 2020	0	97	57.25	2.09	$203
Dec 2019	163	104	59.01	2.30	$9,858
Nov 2019	0	107	55.30	2.75	$294
Oct 2019	173	130	53.47	2.42	$9,565
Sep 2019	0	73	55.05	2.66	$194
Aug 2019	0	89	53.11	2.30	$205
Jul 2019	170	121	56.27	2.46	$9,864
Jun 2019	0	127	52.78	2.49	$316
May 2019	169	129	58.48	2.74	$10,237
Apr 2019	0	127	62.63	2.75	$349
Mar 2019	0	135	56.80	3.06	$413
Feb 2019	164	123	50.85	2.79	$8,683
Jan 2019	0	102	46.03	3.23	$329
Dec 2018	174	79	46.59	4.19	$8,437
Nov 2018	0	86	52.93	4.24	$364
Oct 2018	173	96	61.44	3.40	$10,955
Sep 2018	0	122	59.54	3.11	$379
Aug 2018	161	146	59.40	3.07	$10,011
Jul 2018	0	152	65.14	2.93	$446
Jun 2018	0	148	60.18	3.08	$455
May 2018	176	151	65.38	2.90	$11,945
Apr 2018	0	146	63.84	2.90	$424
Mar 2018	169	148	61.22	2.79	$10,759
Feb 2018	0	135	61.78	2.77	$373
Jan 2018	172	144	62.87	4.01	$11,391
Dec 2017	0	131	57.27	2.92	$383
Nov 2017	174	113	55.42	3.12	$9,995
Oct 2017	0	121	49.29	2.98	$361
Sep 2017	176	118	47.52	3.09	$8,728
Aug 2017	0	127	45.37	3.00	$382
Jul 2017	175	131	43.87	3.09	$8,082
Jun 2017	0	146	42.49	3.09	$451
May 2017	177	156	45.37	3.26	$8,540
Apr 2017	0	158	47.93	3.21	$507
Mar 2017	172	179	46.77	2.98	$8,579
Feb 2017	0	180	50.45	2.95	$531
Jan 2017	178	201	49.41	3.42	$9,482
Dec 2016	0	190	48.76	3.72	$707
Nov 2016	167	49	42.49	2.64	$7,225
Oct 2016	180	174	46.19	3.09	$8,852
Sep 2016	0	232	41.55	3.10	$719
Aug 2016	172	181	41.44	2.92	$7,657
Jul 2016	0	260	41.62	2.92	$760
Jun 2016	169	273	45.35	2.69	$8,397
May 2016	0	150	42.52	1.99	$299
Apr 2016	174	313	36.56	1.99	$6,985
Mar 2016	180	333	33.01	1.79	$6,539
Feb 2016	0	372	26.47	2.06	$768
Jan 2016	183	381	27.35	2.36	$5,906
Dec 2015	0	380	32.36	2.00	$761
Nov 2015	178	371	38.79	2.17	$7,709
Oct 2015	174	381	43.55	2.43	$8,502
Sep 2015	0	419	42.99	2.76	$1,156
Aug 2015	177	439	40.16	2.87	$8,369
Jul 2015	171	434	48.15	2.95	$9,512
Jun 2015	180	410	56.15	2.88	$11,289
May 2015	0	405	55.21	2.96	$1,197
Apr 2015	183	377	49.82	2.71	$10,137
Mar 2015	180	350	42.89	2.93	$8,747
Feb 2015	0	276	44.66	2.98	$821
Jan 2015	178	226	43.43	3.10	$8,431
Dec 2014	177	310	54.69	3.59	$10,793
Nov 2014	178	303	70.46	4.25	$13,830
Oct 2014	0	301	78.30	3.90	$1,174
Sep 2014	177	279	86.16	4.05	$16,379
Aug 2014	180	229	89.39	4.04	$17,014
Jul 2014	177	135	96.56	4.18	$17,655
Jun 2014	0	204	98.16	4.74	$966
May 2014	178	59	94.73	4.73	$17,141
Apr 2014	184	207	95.94	4.81	$18,648
Mar 2014	183	195	95.89	5.06	$18,534
Feb 2014	0	107	97.40	6.19	$663
Jan 2014	176	174	90.40	4.86	$16,756
Dec 2013	177	133	91.82	4.35	$16,831
Nov 2013	0	128	88.85	3.74	$479
Oct 2013	163	181	97.42	3.78	$16,564
Sep 2013	173	116	104.11	3.72	$18,442
Aug 2013	0	139	104.25	3.52	$490
Jul 2013	182	138	102.52	3.72	$19,172
Jun 2013	183	86	94.40	3.93	$17,613
May 2013	0	140	94.83	4.15	$581
Apr 2013	182	132	93.96	4.28	$17,666
Mar 2013	170	125	93.62	3.91	$16,405
Feb 2013	0	107	91.23	3.42	$366
Jan 2013	176	116	91.60	3.42	$16,518
Dec 2012	178	115	86.77	3.42	$15,838
Nov 2012	184	103	86.95	3.62	$16,372
Oct 2012	182	100	89.38	3.40	$16,607
Sep 2012	0	88	94.67	2.92	$257
Aug 2012	178	72	92.66	2.91	$16,703
Jul 2012	180	76	85.13	3.02	$15,553
Jun 2012	0	136	79.82	2.52	$343
May 2012	177	144	91.61	2.49	$16,573
Apr 2012	170	126	101.65	2.00	$17,532
Mar 2012	180	84	105.05	2.22	$19,096
Feb 2012	0	54	101.10	2.57	$139
Jan 2012	180	49	98.09	2.73	$17,790
Dec 2011	182	35	96.87	3.24	$17,744
Nov 2011	172	83	95.72	3.31	$16,739
Oct 2011	0	127	84.98	3.65	$463
Sep 2011	180	129	83.62	3.99	$15,566
Aug 2011	182	630	83.40	4.15	$17,793
Jul 2011	177	150	94.14	4.52	$17,340
Jun 2011	176	114	92.90	4.64	$16,879
May 2011	180	128	98.13	4.40	$18,227
Apr 2011	178	115	105.96	4.33	$19,359
Mar 2011	181	141	96.36	4.06	$18,013
Feb 2011	0	95	85.64	4.18	$397
Jan 2011	179	119	86.50	4.59	$16,030
Dec 2010	184	136	85.73	4.35	$16,366
Nov 2010	0	114	80.84	3.80	$433
Oct 2010	181	126	78.10	3.51	$14,578
Sep 2010	181	132	72.63	3.98	$13,671
Aug 2010	180	146	73.68	4.42	$13,908
Jul 2010	181	146	72.55	4.74	$13,823
Jun 2010	179	119	70.36	4.91	$13,179
May 2010	181	105	71.12	4.24	$13,317
Apr 2010	175	246	81.69	4.12	$15,310
Mar 2010	178	133	78.39	4.39	$14,537
Feb 2010	0	113	73.58	5.44	$615
Jan 2010	178	103	74.36	5.96	$13,850
Dec 2009	183	115	71.44	5.48	$13,704
Nov 2009	182	115	74.59	3.75	$14,007
Oct 2009	180	128	72.54	4.11	$13,583
Sep 2009	185	120	65.54	3.06	$12,493
Aug 2009	179	150	67.42	3.22	$12,551
Jul 2009	181	148	61.13	3.46	$11,577
Jun 2009	180	118	66.16	3.90	$12,368
May 2009	183	96	54.74	3.93	$10,394
Apr 2009	179	138	46.77	3.59	$8,867
Mar 2009	180	143	42.14	4.06	$8,166
Feb 2009	181	132	32.81	4.63	$6,550
Jan 2009	186	119	35.86	5.37	$7,309
Dec 2008	186	132	37.10	5.98	$7,690
Nov 2008	167	138	55.49	6.86	$10,214
Oct 2008	0	106	75.24	6.92	$734
Sep 2008	180	102	101.76	7.88	$19,120
Aug 2008	178	187	114.22	8.48	$21,917
Jul 2008	99	160	131.08	11.39	$14,799
Jun 2008	119	134	131.33	13.03	$17,375
May 2008	158	173	123.17	11.57	$21,463
Apr 2008	174	124	110.31	10.45	$20,490
Mar 2008	187	101	101.90	9.66	$20,031
Feb 2008	187	94	92.53	8.77	$18,128
Jan 2008	177	157	90.38	8.21	$17,286
Dec 2007	190	169	88.33	7.30	$18,017
Nov 2007	271	183	91.67	7.29	$26,177
Oct 2007	172	184	82.85	6.92	$15,524
Sep 2007	164	208	75.84	6.24	$13,737
Aug 2007	241	246	69.06	6.39	$18,215
Jul 2007	179	207	70.90	6.39	$14,013
Jun 2007	124	206	62.00	7.55	$9,243
May 2007	337	252	58.74	7.85	$21,773
Apr 2007	0	249	59.61	7.81	$1,943
Mar 2007	184	282	56.92	7.30	$12,532
Feb 2007	153	216	55.10	8.22	$10,205
Jan 2007	0	169	50.30	6.73	$1,137
Dec 2006	276	324	56.65	6.92	$17,877
Nov 2006	183	330	54.20	7.62	$12,432
Oct 2006	333	351	54.90	6.01	$20,393
Sep 2006	159	364	60.08	5.04	$11,386
Aug 2006	345	285	68.71	7.34	$25,797
Jul 2006	177	292	69.37	6.34	$14,131
Jun 2006	278	305	66.28	6.38	$20,373
May 2006	285	284	66.01	6.42	$20,638
Apr 2006	298	117	64.39	7.36	$20,049
Mar 2006	141	271	56.70	7.08	$9,914
Feb 2006	346	339	57.59	7.75	$22,554
Jan 2006	339	393	60.59	8.93	$24,051
Dec 2005	187	275	54.94	13.42	$13,963
Nov 2005	150	323	54.69	10.59	$11,624
Oct 2005	286	461	58.34	13.80	$23,045
Sep 2005	290	612	61.45	12.08	$25,213
Aug 2005	280	772	61.51	9.80	$24,786
Jul 2005	302	677	55.69	7.84	$22,129
Jun 2005	302	343	52.33	7.38	$18,335
May 2005	177	521	45.22	6.65	$11,469
Apr 2005	290	100	49.20	7.36	$15,004
Mar 2005	179	284	50.37	7.15	$11,048
Feb 2005	146	423	45.22	6.31	$9,272
Jan 2005	190	508	43.16	6.32	$11,412
Dec 2004	258	416	39.86	6.75	$13,092
Nov 2004	143	481	45.28	6.33	$9,520
Oct 2004	227	487	49.70	6.52	$14,455
Sep 2004	302	432	43.24	5.28	$15,341
Aug 2004	442	551	42.37	5.55	$21,786
Jul 2004	453	749	38.28	6.08	$21,898
Jun 2004	532	945	36.10	6.43	$25,284
May 2004	0	0	37.48	6.49	$0
Apr 2004	76	0	34.47	5.86	$2,620
Mar 2004	171	0	34.36	5.53	$5,876
Feb 2004	117	0	32.45	5.51	$3,797
Jan 2004	86	20	32.03	6.30	$2,881
Dec 2003	203	0	30.26	6.30	$6,143
Nov 2003	140	51	28.80	4.60	$4,266
Oct 2003	136	71	28.17	4.76	$4,169
Sep 2003	147	70	26.31	4.75	$4,200
Aug 2003	140	85	29.76	5.13	$4,602
Jul 2003	137	97	29.41	5.17	$4,531
Jun 2003	145	68	28.56	5.98	$4,548
May 2003	139	98	26.59	5.97	$4,281
Apr 2003	189	107	26.67	5.41	$5,619
Mar 2003	201	72	31.14	6.10	$6,698
Feb 2003	156	103	33.48	7.93	$6,039
Jan 2003	200	130	30.31	5.58	$6,788
Dec 2002	127	63	26.91	4.85	$3,723
Nov 2002	165	104	24.66	4.14	$4,499
Oct 2002	183	118	26.46	4.23	$5,341
Sep 2002	187	113	27.44	3.64	$5,542
Aug 2002	187	123	25.96	3.16	$5,244
Jul 2002	197	130	24.58	3.06	$5,240
Jun 2002	174	128	23.73	3.34	$4,556
May 2002	196	136	24.66	3.58	$5,321
Apr 2002	191	133	23.65	3.51	$4,984
Mar 2002	149	137	22.00	3.10	$3,703
Feb 2002	188	162	18.22	2.38	$3,810
Jan 2002	313	214	17.17	2.38	$5,883
Dec 2001	320	190	16.93	2.36	$5,867
Nov 2001	141	173	18.07	2.41	$2,964
Oct 2001	336	231	19.78	2.53	$7,230
Sep 2001	401	268	24.26	2.25	$10,332
Aug 2001	169	176	24.87	3.05	$4,740
Jul 2001	305	192	23.93	3.20	$7,912
Jun 2001	163	200	24.56	3.82	$4,768
May 2001	270	176	25.52	4.31	$7,648
Apr 2001	219	171	24.68	5.34	$6,317
Mar 2001	280	185	24.54	5.38	$7,866
Feb 2001	319	189	27.75	5.77	$9,942
Jan 2001	331	221	27.47	8.40	$10,949
Dec 2000	425	245	26.88	9.12	$13,659
Nov 2000	220	198	32.21	5.66	$8,206
Oct 2000	253	251	31.23	5.15	$9,193
Sep 2000	321	203	31.87	5.19	$11,283
Aug 2000	211	256	29.64	4.54	$7,416
Jul 2000	284	301	28.53	4.09	$9,334
Jun 2000	265	268	29.30	4.40	$8,943
May 2000	231	346	27.26	3.68	$7,570
Apr 2000	298	314	24.51	3.12	$8,282
Mar 2000	313	309	28.42	2.86	$9,779
Feb 2000	322	257	27.62	2.73	$9,594
Jan 2000	289	296	25.27	2.48	$8,037
Dec 1999	370	390	24.28	2.42	$9,929
Nov 1999	324	418	23.19	2.43	$8,531
Oct 1999	356	455	20.98	2.80	$8,745
Sep 1999	375	504	21.75	2.62	$9,476
Aug 1999	327	550	19.26	2.88	$7,880
Jul 1999	367	574	17.89	2.37	$7,927
Jun 1999	500	581	15.94	2.36	$9,342
May 1999	369	619	15.79	2.32	$7,263
Apr 1999	466	613	15.10	2.21	$8,390
Mar 1999	356	423	12.47	1.84	$5,217
Feb 1999	381	482	9.98	1.82	$4,679
Jan 1999	430	556	10.38	1.90	$5,520
Dec 1998	206	580	9.20	1.77	$2,924
Nov 1998	377	511	10.89	2.19	$5,222
Oct 1998	199	620	12.42	1.97	$3,692
Sep 1998	387	605	12.59	2.08	$6,132
Aug 1998	518	630	11.30	1.91	$7,055
Jul 1998	497	632	11.74	2.24	$7,249
Jun 1998	199	543	11.24	2.24	$3,452
May 1998	311	516	12.62	2.21	$5,063
Apr 1998	555	579	13.04	2.51	$8,688
Mar 1998	377	613	12.80	2.31	$6,241
Feb 1998	353	559	13.95	2.30	$6,210
Jan 1998	296	634	14.70	2.15	$5,717
Dec 1997	525	642	16.32	2.41	$10,116
Nov 1997	335	637	18.19	3.09	$8,061
Oct 1997	421	660	19.25	3.15	$10,183
Sep 1997	388	651	17.74	2.95	$8,807
Aug 1997	377	682	17.86	2.55	$8,476
Jul 1997	371	683	17.58	2.25	$8,057
Jun 1997	418	685	17.24	2.26	$8,753
May 1997	333	492	18.97	2.31	$7,453
Apr 1997	428	690	17.88	2.08	$9,090
Mar 1997	426	763	18.95	1.94	$9,552
Feb 1997	424	704	20.49	2.21	$10,241
Jan 1997	453	724	23.48	3.54	$13,199
Dec 1996	530	824	23.32	—	$12,360
Nov 1996	349	822	21.97	—	$7,668
Oct 1996	493	870	23.31	—	$11,492
Sep 1996	428	879	22.22	—	$9,510
Aug 1996	444	955	20.26	—	$8,995
Jul 1996	425	962	19.55	—	$8,309
Jun 1996	465	986	18.73	—	$8,709
May 1996	493	1,019	19.43	—	$9,579
Apr 1996	590	984	21.51	—	$12,691
Mar 1996	455	1,118	19.38	—	$8,818
Feb 1996	513	1,154	16.98	—	$8,711
Jan 1996	593	1,390	17.07	—	$10,123
Dec 1995	586	2,139	17.19	—	$10,073
Nov 1995	562	2,432	16.00	—	$8,992
Oct 1995	618	2,883	15.43	—	$9,536
Sep 1995	658	3,117	16.18	—	$10,646
Aug 1995	611	3,825	15.92	—	$9,727
Jul 1995	869	4,507	15.24	—	$13,244
Jun 1995	983	4,500	16.41	—	$16,131
May 1995	1,074	5,069	17.56	—	$18,859
Apr 1995	1,427	8,246	17.73	—	$25,301
Mar 1995	1,300	5,580	16.44	—	$21,372
Feb 1995	1,662	7,637	16.58	—	$27,556
Jan 1995	2,188	8,666	15.92	—	$34,833
Dec 1994	2,776	8,539	15.03	—	$41,723
Nov 1994	2,627	6,856	15.90	—	$41,769
Oct 1994	3,660	6,165	15.58	—	$57,023
Sep 1994	3,838	870	15.29	—	$58,683
Aug 1994	2,234	295	16.13	—	$36,034

How to read this page

The arithmetic is one multiplication per stream per month. Here it is, worked, on a real row from the table above.

Dec 2022 — as filed, then multipliedworked

Oil                   99 bbl  × $ 76.41 =     $7,565
Casinghead gas         0 Mcf  × $  5.73 =         $0

────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Month total                                   $7,565

The volumes are the state's, unchanged

Every barrel and every Mcf on this page is a number the Railroad Commission of Texas published in its monthly production query. Nothing is modelled, estimated or filled in.

The dollars are a multiplication, not a valuation

Volume × a published monthly price. It is not what the operator was paid: it takes no account of a contract, a differential, a transportation deduction, or the share any one owner holds.

Oil and gas are priced differently

Oil is a Texas realisation — the crude oil first purchase price. Gas is a benchmark, because no free Texas wellhead gas series exists at any date. The prices page publishes the difference rather than correcting it away.

A lease is not a well

The state reports oil on lease and gas on well, and this page is the lease grain. 8A/O/67270 is the state's own key, not one this site invented.